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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agonist
pp slide 7 |
-a drug which produces a stimulation type response
-a pharmacological respons -cholinergic drugs/ adrenergic drugs: produce affects similar to those of acetylcholine/ norepinephrine/ epinephrine, etc |
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antagonist
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-drug produces no stimulation/ no pharmacological response
-anticholinergic drugs= block cholinergic receptors -adrenergic blocking drugs= inhibit adrenergic system |
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artherosclerosis
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-occlusion of the arteries
-fatty deposits accumulate on inner walls of arteries ---lower blood supply to vital organs ---angina, MI, strokes, PVD -risk factors: -obesity -sedentary lifestyle -family history -hypertension -triglyceride level >250 mg/dL -HDL level < 35 mg/dL |
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hyperlipidemia
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-abnormal elevation of cholesterol and triglycerides
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dyslipidemias
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-abnormalities of one or more of the blood fats
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metabolic syndrome
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-combination of: obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance
-lifestyle is primary contributor: lessens quality of life; end life prematurely -risk factors: -truncal obesity (apple vs pear shape) + 2 of the following: -insulin resistance (FBS >100) -hypertension -high triglycerides (hyperlipidemia) -low good cholesterol (HDL) -assessment includes: -family history -diet history -vital signs -anthropometric measurements= height, weight, BMI |
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cholesterol
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-natural-occurring substance that body manufactures
-excess CHO converted into triglycerides (cholesterol precursor) -excess fat converted to cholesterol |
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lipoproteins (lipids bound to proteins)
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categories:
LDL = low density lipoprotein = "lousy" or bad cholesterol HDL = high density lipoprotein = "happy" or good cholesterol |
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DASH diet
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Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension -increase fruits/ veggies -increase fiber -low fat dairy -decrease high fat foods avoid: late night snacking -high-sodium foods |
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Rx for hyperlipidemia
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initially:
-decrease 30% fat intake -decrease cholesterol intake -decrease saturated fat Exercise: -30 mins at least 5 days/ week: raise HDL/ lower LDL Weight Loss: -5-10% can help: raise HDL/ lower LDL |
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drug therapy for hyperlipidemia
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1. statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors)
2. niacin (B3 = nicotinic acid) 3. fibric acids (finofibrates) 4. bile acid resins 5. cholesterol absorption inhibitors |
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seizure threshold
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-amount of stimulation needed to cause neural activity
-threshold may be lowered by certain drugs, use of alcohol, and conditions depressing/altering homeostasis levels (ie: hemmorhage, stroke, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, fever, excessive dehydration, etc) |
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categorization of seizures
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1. generalized=
-bilateral activity -may be loss of consciousness -subdivided convulsive/ non-convulsive 2. partial= -localized area of brain -subdivided simple/ complex -alterations of consciousness w/ complex |
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generalized convulsive seizures
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-may have prodromal phase: tension, mood swings, headaches, aura
1. tonic/ clonic: most common type, violent muscle contractions, loss of consciousness -tonic phase, 1 min, muscle contractions- rigidity clenched jaw, apnea, cyanosis, LOC -clonic phase, 1 min, convulsions bilateral, eyes roll upward, excessive salivation, biting tongue -postictal phase, 15 min, roll onto side, unresponsive then confused, sleepy, 2. atonic/akinetic= sudden loss of muscle tone= head drop/ limb drop/ slumping to ground -no LOC 3. myoclonic= rapidly repetitive or isolated contrctns of vol. muscles of face, trunk, limbs -often occurs at night -no LOC 4. status epilepticus= medical emergency= rapidly recurring generalized seizures lasting > 5 mins or 2+ seizures with no chance to restore normal neural activity between seizures -won't stop without admin. of drug- benzodiazpem -can cause permanent nerve damage/ death, apnea, hypoxia, acidosis, cerebral edema, dysrythmias, CV collapse |
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generalized nonconvulsive
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-absence seizures (petit mal)= most common nonconvulsive= altered consciousness lasting 5-20 secs
-occur mostly in children; disappear at puberty -appear to be staring into space, may have rythmic movement of eyes, lip smacking chewing, mumbling -no prodromal/ postictal phases -no falling/ no convulsing -no memory of seizure |
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partial simple seizure (jacksonian)
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partial simple motor seizure= localized convulsion of voluntary muscles/ body part (ie: finger, limb)
-no LOC |
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partial complex seizure (psychomotor)
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-partial complex seizure= similar to absence seizure but lasts longer (1-4 mins)
-unaware of environment, aimless wandering, conscious but confused, dreamlike state -lip smacking, eye movement, biting, chewing, mumbling, swallowing, etc. -no memory of seizure |
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anticonvulsants- reduce frequency of seizures, improve quality of life, minimize adverse effects
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-increase seizure threshold
-regulate neuronal firing by inhibiting exitatory processes or enhancing inhibitory processes -prevent seizure from spreading to adjacent neurons |
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diabetic diagnosis
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-diabetic = fasting blood sugar >126 mg/dL
-prediabetic = fasting blood sugar 100-125 mg/dL -random oral glucose tolerance test/ 2 hr pp >200mg/dL |
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hyperglycemia 4 P's
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1. polyuria
2. polydipsia 3. polyphagia 4. "pooped" -cells not getting glucose- essentially body is starving -weight loss- fat is broken down for energy -ketones= byproduct of breakdown of protein |
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hyperglycemia
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causes: too much food, too little insulin or medication, illness or stress
onset: gradual- may progress to diabetic coma |
