Pharmacology Chp 5

Front 1

dehydration

Back 1

loss of too much water from body

Front 2

diuretic

Back 2

a drug that increases the secretion of urine(water, electrolytes, and waste products) by the kidneys

Front 3

edema

Back 3

retention of excess fluid

Front 4

filtrate

Back 4

fluid removed from the blood through kidney function

Front 5

glaucoma

Back 5

an increase in introcular pressure

Front 6

introcular pressure

Back 6

pressure within the eye

Front 7

hyperkalemia

Back 7

high blood level of potassium

Front 8

hypokalemia

Back 8

low blood level of potassium

Front 9

nephron

Back 9

long tubular structure that is the functional part of the kidney

Front 10

orthostatic hypotension

Back 10

dizziness and light-headedness after standing in one place for a long time

Front 11

postural hypotension

Back 11

dizziness and light-headedness when rising suddenly from a sitting or lying position

Front 12

enzyme

Back 12

a complex produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter

Front 13

electrolyte

Back 13

an element or compound that when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent dissaciates into ions & able to conduct an electric current

Front 14

ion

Back 14

an atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electrical charge through the gain or loss of electron(s)

Front 15

filtrate

Back 15

the fluid removed from the body

Front 16

aqueous humor

Back 16

clear watery fluid circulating in the anterior chamber of the eye

Front 17

paresthesia

Back 17

numbness, tingling

Front 18

photosensitivity reactions

Back 18

exaggerated sunburn reaction when the skin is exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light

Front 19

anorexia

Back 19

lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inablility to eat

Front 20

cystalluria

Back 20

crystals in the urine

Front 21

acidosis

Back 21

abormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body

Front 22

anuria

Back 22

absence of urine

Front 23

ascites

Back 23

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Front 24

glycosuria

Back 24

glucose in the urine

Front 25

ototoxicity

Back 25

damage to the hearing organs from a toxic subtance

Front 26

oliguria

Back 26

low urine production

Front 27

gynecomastia

Back 27

breast enlargement in male

Front 28

bradycardia

Back 28

heart rate is less than 60/min(slow)

Front 29

lethargy

Back 29

state or quality of dullness, prolonged sleepiness, drowiness

Front 30

describe the action of diruretics

Back 30

increase the secretion of urine by the kidneys

Front 31

name some diuretics

Back 31

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
loop diuretics
osmotic diurects
potassium-sparing diurectics
thiazides and related

Front 32

what is carbonic anhydrase

Back 32

an enzyme that produces free hydrogen ions which are exchanged for sodium ions in the kidneys

Front 33

what is the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Back 33

stop the excretion of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and water
-also decrease production of aqueous humor in the eye

Front 34

what are the uses of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Back 34

Treatment of edema caused by CHF
Treatment of edema caused by drugs
-Used for some types of epilepsy
Used in glaucoma

Front 35

what are the Adverse Reactions of Carbonic
Anhydrase Inhibitors

Back 35

 Adverse reactions are rare in the short term
 Long-term use may result in:
• Fever
• Rash
• Numbness
• Tingling
• Photosensitivity
• Anorexia
• Crystalluria
• Acidosis

Front 36

Contraindications and Precautions of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Back 36

 Contraindicated with electrolyte imbalance, severe kidney or liver disease, anuria, or chronic noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma
 Used cautiously in patients with renal failure
 Used cautiously during pregnancy

Front 37

Loop Diuretics

Back 37

work by making the kidneys pass out more fluid by interfering with the transport of salt and water across certain cells in a structure called the loop of Henle

Front 38

action of loop diuretics

Back 38

 Increase the excretion of sodium and chloride by inhibiting reabsorption of these ions in the loop of Henle

Front 39

Adverse Reactions to Loop Diuretics

Back 39

 Anorexia
 Nausea and vomiting
 Dizziness
 Rash
 Postural hypotension
 Orthostatic hypotension
 Photosensitivity reactions
 Glycosuria
 Diabetics may note an increase in blood glucose levels
 Hypokalemia

Front 40

Contraindications and Precautions
of Loop Diuretics

Back 40

 Contraindicated with severe electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma, anuria, and in infants
 Used cautiously in patients with renal dysfunction and in pregnancy or lactation
 Used cautiously in children and in patients with liver disease, diabetes, lupus, or diarrhea

Front 41

Osmotic diuretics

Back 41

Can be filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed by the renal tubule

Front 42

Osmotic diuretics

Back 42

Do not alter electrolyte or acid/base balance

Front 43

Adverse Reactions to Osmotic Diuretics

Back 43

 Urea and mannitol administered by IV
 Glycerin and isosorbide administered orally
 IV administration may result in a rapid fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially when these drugs are administered before surgery to a patient in a fasting state

Front 44

Contraindications, Precautions, and Interactions of Osmotic Diuretics

Back 44

 Contraindicated in electrolyte imbalance, severe dehydration,
anuria or intracranial bleeding
 Used cautiously with liver or kidney disease
 Used cautiously during pregnancy
 Additive hypotensive effect when given with another antihypertensive drug or nitrate

Front 45

Adverse Reactions to Thiazides
and Related Diuretics

Back 45

 Drug interactions and incompatibilities
• Body as a whole – Weakness
• Alcohol causes dehydration, drowsiness, and dizziness
• OTC cold/flu preparations
• Diabetics may note change in blood sugar (increase)
• Photosensitivity may occur

Front 46

Contraindications and Precautions of Thiazides and Related Diuretics

Back 46

Contraindicated in patients with electrolyte imbalances, renal decompensation, hepatic coma, or anuria
May cause allergic reaction or bronchial asthma in patients sensitive to tartrazine
Use cautiously during pregnancy and lactation
Use cautiously in children, patients with lupus, diabetes, or kidney/liver disease

Front 47

Interactions of Thiazides
and Related Diuretics

Back 47

Additive hypotensive effects when used with alcohol, other antihypertensive drugs, or nitrates
Use with allopurinol may increase hypersensitivity to allopurinol
Effects of anesthetic may be increased
Effects of anticoagulants may be decreased
Increase incidence of gout
May prolong antineoplastic-induced leukopenia

Front 48

Patient Management Issues of Diurectics

Back 48

Frequent urination in the night needs to be expected and explained
Vital signs, including weight, need monitoring
Renal function needs to be watched
Areas of edema should be inspected to evaluate drug effectiveness
Electrolyte levels are checked often (especially potassium)

Front 49

Educating the Patient and Family

Back 49

Overdose – Acute loss of fluids and electrolytes
•No antidote
•Hydration
•Electrolyte replacement
•Support respiration