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96 Cards in this Set

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Pharmacology

The study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve the health of the human body.
The study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve the health of the human body.
Pharmacology
Pharmaceutics
the science of preparing and dispensing drugs
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Treatment of diseases by the use of drugs
Treatment of diseases by the use of drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacopoeia
medical reference summary indicating standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis
medical reference summary indicating standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis
Pharmacopoeia
Pathophysiology
The study of diseases and the functional changes occurring in the body as a result of disease.
The study of diseases and the functional changes occurring in the body as a result of disease.
Pathophysiology
Biologics
Chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells or microorganisms.
Chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells or microorganisms.
Biologics
Clinical Pharmacology
An area of medicine devoted to the evaluation of drugs used for human therapeutic benefit.
An area of medicine devoted to the evaluation of drugs used for human therapeutic benefit.
Clinical Pharmacology
Formularies
Lists of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists.
Lists of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists.
Formularies
Natural Alternative Therapies
Herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements
Herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements
Natural Alternative Therapies
Therapeutics
The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering
The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering
Therapeutics
The Pure Food and Drug Act
(Year and define)
1906; gave the government to control the labeling of medicines.
What was formed in 1906 and gave the government to control the labeling of medicines.
The Pure Food and Drug Act
(Year and define)
The Sherley Amendment
1912; made medicines safer by prohibiting the sale of drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims
What was formed in 1912 and made medicines safer by prohibiting the sale of drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims
The Sherley Amendment
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
1938; The first law preventing the marketing of drugs not thoroughly tested.
The first law, passed in 1938, preventing the marketing of drugs not thoroughly tested.
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Four stages of drug review
1. Preclinical Investigation
2. Clinical Investigation
3. Submission of New Drug Application (NDA) with review
4. Postmarketing studies
Preclinical Investigation
Involves basic science research. Scientists perform tests on cells in lab or in animals to examine the effectiveness of a range of drug doses and look for any adverse side effects.
Involves basic science research. Scientists perform tests on cells in lab or in animals to examine the effectiveness of a range of drug doses and look for any adverse side effects.
Preclinical Investigation
Clinical Investigation
Second Stage of drug approval. Takes place in 3 phases - Clinical phase trials I, II & III. Longest phase. Involves clinical pharmacology. Establish dosages and try to identify adverse effects.
Second Stage of drug approval. Takes place in 3 phases - Clinical phase trials I, II & III. Longest phase. Involves clinical pharmacology. Establish dosages and try to identify adverse effects.
Clinical Investigation
Submission of an NDA (New Drug Application) with Review
Third Stage of drug approval. Clinical phase 3 trials and animal testing may continue. If approved the process continues to final stage. If rejected, concerns are addressed.
Third Stage of drug approval. Clinical phase 3 trials and animal testing may continue. If approved the process continues to final stage. If rejected, concerns are addressed.
Submission of an NDA (New Drug Application) with Review
Postmarketing Studies
Fourth stage of drug approval. Testing in humans is continued to check for any new harmful effects in larger and more diverse populations.
3 classifications of agents
Traditional drugs
Biologics
Natural Alternatives
Bioavailability
the physiologic ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect.
the physiologic ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect.
Bioavailability
Therapeutic Classification
method for organizing drugs on the basis of the basis of their therapeutic usefullness
method for organizing drugs on the basis of the basis of their therapeutic usefullness
Therapeutic Classification
Pharmacologic Classification
method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action (how they work pharmacologically).
method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action (how they work pharmacologically).
Pharmacologic Classification
Mechanism of Action
How the medication produces its effects within the body
Prototype Drug
the original well-understood drug model from which other medications in a pharmacologic class have been developed
the original well-understood drug model from which other medications in a pharmacologic class have been developed
Prototype Drug
Chemical Name
Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Chemical Name
Generic Name
Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
Generic Name
Trade Name
Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name.
drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
Combination Drugs
Combination Drugs
drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
Scheduled Drugs
A term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse.
Term for drugs that potential for misuse or abuse.
Scheduled Drugs
Controlled substance
In the U.S. a drug restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. In Canada, a drug subject to guidelines outlined in Part 3 ...
Restricted Drugs
In Canada, a drug not intended for human use, covered in part 4, schedule H of the Canadian Food and Drugs Act.
Schedule 1 Drugs
Limited or no therapeutic Use (heroin, LSD, marijuana and methaqualone). Highest Abuse Potentional, High physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 2 Drugs
Used therapeutically with prescription; some are no longer used therapeutically. (cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine). High abuse potential, physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 3 drugs
Used therapeutically with prescription; (anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone and some barbiturates) Moderate Abuse potential and physical dependence. High psychological dependence.
Limited or no therapeutic Use (heroin, LSD, marijuana and methaqualone). Highest Abuse Potentional, High physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 1 Drugs
Used therapeutically with prescription; some are no longer used therapeutically. (cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine). High abuse potential, physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 2 drugs
Used therapeutically with prescription; (anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone and some barbiturates) Moderate Abuse potential and physical dependence. High psychological dependence.
Schedule 3 drugs
Schedule 4 drugs
Used therapeutically with prescription; darvon, valium, xanax; lower abuse potential, lower physical and psychological dependence
Used therapeutically with prescription; darvon, valium, xanax; lower abuse potential, lower physical and psychological dependence
Schedule 4 drugs
Schedule 5 Drugs
Used therapeutically without prescription. (OTC cough medicines with codeine). Lowest abuse potential and lowest physical and psychological dependence.
Used therapeutically without prescription. (OTC cough medicines with codeine). Lowest abuse potential and lowest physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 5 Drugs
Five Pregnancy Categories of drugs
A, B, C, D, X
Category A drug
Studies have NOT shown a risk to women or to the fetus. Synthroid, Ferranol, Proloid, KCl
Category B drug
Animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus, or if they have studies in women have not confirmed the risk. Humulin, prozac, amoxil, zantac.
Category C drug
Animal studies HAVE shown a risk to the fetus, but controlled studies have not been performed in women. Fleet Mineral Oil, acyclovir, senokot, lasix
Category D Drug
Use of this drug category MAY cause harm to the fetus, but it may provide benefit to the mother in a life-threatening situation or when safer therapy is not available. tetracycline, coumadin
Category X drug
Highest Risk. Studies HAVE shown a significant risk to women and to the fetus. Iodinated glycerol, castor oil
5 phases of the nursing process
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evalution
Assessment Phase
The Phase of the nursing process is the systematic collection, organization, validation and documentation of patient data.
The Phase of the nursing process is the systematic collection, organization, validation and documentation of patient data.
Assessment
Two purposes of Assessment
1. Gather data that will enable the nurse to identify current patient health challenges and problems that the patient is at particular risk for developing. This data is used in developing the nursing diagnosis and the plan of care. 2. To gather baseline data. Used during evaluation.
Subjective Data
Data that includes what the patient states and perceives. Includes pain, anxiety and nausea.
Objective Data
Data gathered through physical examination, medical hx, lab tests, and other diagnostic sources.
Data that includes what the patient states and perceives. Includes pain, anxiety and nausea.
Subjective Data
Data gathered through physical examination, medical hx, lab tests, and other diagnostic sources.
Objective Data
A clinical judgement of a patients actual or potential health problem that is within the nurses scope of practice to address.The phase of the nursing process in which the nurse analyzes assessment data, identifies health problems and formulates diagnostic statements. It is the responsibility of the RN to identify the appropriate diagnosis and develop a plan of care. The LPN contributes to this phase by collecting data and collaboration the RN.
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Diagnosis
A clinical judgement of a patients actual or potential health problem that is within the nurses scope of practice to address.The phase of the nursing process in which the nurse analyzes assessment data, identifies health problems and formulates diagnostic statements. It is the responsibility of the RN to identify the appropriate diagnosis and develop a plan of care. The LPN contributes to this phase by collecting data and collaboration the RN.
Etiologies
Causes of the patients disease or condition
Causes of the patients disease or condition
Etiologies
Interventions
action that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a disease or condition
action that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a disease or condition
Interventions
Planning Phase
the nurse prioritizes diagnoses, formulates desired goals and selects nursing interventions.
the nurse prioritizes diagnoses, formulates desired goals and selects nursing interventions.
Planning phase
First step of planning phase
Identify the desired goal or outcome to be achieved and the specific evaluation criteria that will be used to determine if the goal has been met.
Second step of planning phase
Develop a list of interventions.
goal
an objective that the patient or nurse seeks to attain or achieve.
outcome
objective measures of goals
Evaluation Criteria
objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions
Implementation phase
The phase when the nurse applies the knowledge, skills, and principles of nursing care to help move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness. Puts the plan of care into action.
The phase when the nurse applies the knowledge, skills, and principles of nursing care to help move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness. Puts the plan of care into action.
Implementation Phase
Evaluation Phase
The phase that compares the patients current health status with the desired outcome to determine if the plan of care is appropriate or if it needs revision. This phase determines if the goal or outcome has been met.
The phase that compares the patients current health status with the desired outcome to determine if the plan of care is appropriate or if it needs revision. This phase determines if the goal or outcome has been met
Evaluation Phase