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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
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bactericidal by irreversibly inhibiting protein synthesis
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List several aminoglycosides!
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streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin
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What bacteria are aminoglycosides widely used against?
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gram - enteric bacteria
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What conditions are aminoglycosides used in?
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1) sepsis/bacteremia
2) with vancomycin or penicillin for endocarditis 3) TB |
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How do aminoglycosides enter outer membrane?
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porin
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are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
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bactericidal by irreversibly inhibiting protein synthesis
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List several aminoglycosides!
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streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin
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What bacteria are aminoglycosides widely used against?
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gram - enteric bacteria
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What conditions are aminoglycosides used in?
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1) sepsis/bacteremia
2) with vancomycin or penicillin for endocarditis 3) TB |
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How do aminoglycosides enter outer membrane?
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passive diffusion through porin
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How is an aminoglycoside transported to cytoplasm?
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actively by using the transmembrane electricalchemical potential
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What two types of environmental conditions would inhibit aminoglycoside uptake?
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anearobic and low pH conditions. Both of these conditions mess up the electrochemical gradient that is generated on the plasma membrane
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If an aminoglycoside is not effectively being taken up what drugs may be given to increase its uptake?
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vancomycin or penicillin
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What do aminoglycosides bind to? How does this interfere with protein synthesis?
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1) 30S subunit
2) interfere with initiation complex, misreading of RNA, break up of poysomes to monosomes |
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What are the mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides?
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1) production of a transferase enzyme that adenylate, phosphorylate or actetylate aminoglycosides
2) altered porin from gene mutations 3) 30S alteration |
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What type of killing action do aminoglycosides employ?
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concentration-dependent killing. therefore may be more effective if administered in a large dose
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Do aminoglycosides penetrate the CNS?
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no they are polar and also cannot penetrate the eye
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What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
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they are ototoxic and renal toxic
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What drugs can potentiate the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
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loop diuretics, other renal toxic compounds like vancomycin, amphotecerin
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How does ototoxicity present?
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high frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, veritigo, ataxia, loss of balance
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In high doses what can aminoglycosides do?
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they can act like curare and cause neuromuscular blockade resulting in depressed respirations
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What is streptomycin generally used for?
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2nd line treatment for TB, can be used for plague, and tuleremia
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Streptomycin and penicillin can be used to treat?
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streptococcus viridans endocarditis
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What organisms is gentamicin effective against?
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gram + and -
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What organsims are generally resistant to gentamicin?
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streptococci and enterococci
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In high doses what can aminoglycosides do?
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they can act like curare and cause neuromuscular blockade resulting in depressed respirations
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What is streptomycin generally used for?
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2nd line treatment for TB, can be used for plague, and tuleremia
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Streptomycin and penicillin can be used to treat?
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streptococcus viridans endocarditis
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What organisms is gentamicin effective against?
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gram + and -
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What organsims are generally resistant to gentamicin?
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streptococci and enterococci don't allow penetration
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What is gentamicin generally reserved for?
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sever infections like sepsis, pneumonia with gram- bacteria like pseudomonas, enterobacter, serratia, proteus, acinetobacter and kebsiella
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what bacteria is neomycin effective for?
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gram + and - and some mycobacteria
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What are the adverse reactions of neomycin?
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nephro and ototoxicity where auditory function is affected more than vestibular function
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What bacteria is spectinomycin effective against?
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gram + and - organisms
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What is primarily used for?
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penicillin resistant gonnohrea
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