Pharmacology Ch. 38

Front 1

Are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 1

bactericidal

Front 2

How do penicillins work?

Back 2

They prevent cell wall synthesis as a result the bacteria die from cell lysis.

PENECLLINS DO NOT KILL OTHER CELLS IN THE BODY

Front 3

What are common adverse effects of penecillins?

Back 3

Allergic reactions

nausea, vommitting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

Hypersensitivity reactions: urticaria, pruritus, and angioedema

Front 4

urticaria

Back 4

intensely itching rash of red, round welts; hives occur in the outer dermis

Front 5

angioedema

Back 5

swelling of the dermis; should be treated as a medical emergency because suffocation and airway constriction can occur

Front 6

pruritus

Back 6

severe itching of the skin

Front 7

First Generation Cephalosporins

Back 7

• good gram + coverage
  
• poor gram- coverage
• cephalexin (keflex): PO
  

Front 8

Third Generation Cephalosporins

Back 8

• most potent again gram -
• less active against gram +
• ceftriaxone (rocephin)
• long half life
• IV and IM
• treats CNS infections
• Ceftazidime (ceptaz)
• eliminated renal (through kidneys)
• resistance limiting usefulness

Front 9

cephalexin

Back 9

• also known as keflex
• used for surgical prophylaxis
• PO
• 1st generation cephalosporins
• great against gram +
• weak against gram -

Front 10

ceftriaxone

Back 10

• also known as rocephin
  
• used for CNS infection
• 3rd generation cepohalosporin
• long half life
• IV and IM
• eliminated through liver (hepatic)

Front 11

ceftazidime

Back 11

• also known as ceptaz
• used for difficult-to-treat organisms
• 3rd generation cephalosporin
• eliminated through kidneys (renal)
• resistance limits usefulness

Front 12

adverse effects of cephalosporins

Back 12

• diarrhea
  
• cramps
• rash
• pruritus
• redness edema
• if pt is allergic to penicillin there is a great chance that they are allergic

Front 13

carbapenems

Back 13

• very broad
  
• can cause seizures
• not given outside acute setting
• reserved for complicated body cavity and tissue connections
• parentally

Front 14

monobactams

Back 14

• aztreonam(azactam)
• synthetic beta-lactam
• aerobic gram-
• bactericidal
• parenteral
• moderately severe systemic uti

Front 15

macrolides

Back 15

• azithromycin(zithromax)
• bacteriostatic
• prevent protein synthesis
• with high enough concentration it can be bactericidal

Front 16

azithromycin (zithromax)

Back 16

• better tissue penetration than erythromycin
• longer duration of action than erythromycin
• produce fewer GI tract adverse effects

Front 17

indications of macrolides

Back 17

• azythromycin and clarithromycin were recently approved for opportunistic infection of HIV and AIDS
  

Front 18

clarithromycin

Back 18

recently approved in combination with omeprazole to fight ulcer disease ass. with H. pylori infection

Front 19

adverse effects of macrolides

Back 19

• GI most common
• primarily with erythromycin
• nausea vomiting and diarrhea

Front 20

tetracyclines

Back 20

• 3 natural occuring
• 2 semi-synthetic
• bacteriostatic
• inhibit protein synthesis
• bind to calcium or magnesium or aluminum forming an insoluble complex;
• dairy products, antacid, or iron salt reduce oral absorption

Front 21

adverse effects of tetracyclines

Back 21

• discoloration of teeth in fetuses and children and nursing infants if taken by the mother
• can result in superinfection
• gastric upset
• photosensitivity

Front 22

sulfonamides

Back 22

• sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim (bactrim, sepia, or co-trimoxazole) SMX_TMP
• high concentrations in kidneys
• used to treat UTI
• bacteriostatic
• prevents synthesis of folic acid
• effective against gram +and -
• photosensitivity and exfoliative dermatitis

Front 23

Co-trimoxazole (bactrim)

Back 23

fixed combination drug containing a 5:1 ration of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

Front 24

beta-lactam antibiotics

Back 24

• penecillin
• cephalosporin
• carbapenems
• monobactams

Front 25

amoxicillin

Back 25

high therapeutic index which means low toxic worries