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342 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What class does Prednisone belong to?
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Glucocorticoids
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What is Prednisone's MOA?
|
Decreased PLA2 activity. Suppresses IL-1, IL-2, TNF-a expression
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What is Prednisone used for?
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Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppresant, adrenal insufficiencies, cancer treatment
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How can Prednisone be administered?
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IV, IM, oral, opthalmic
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Prednisone?
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Hyperadrenocorticism, effects on virtually every cell type
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What class does Chlorambucil belong?
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Immunosuppressives/antineoplastics
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What is Chlorambucil's MOA?
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Suppresses transcription of lymphocytes by alkylating DNA (nonspecific: attacks all fast-growing cells)
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What is Chlorambucil used for?
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Immune-mediated diseases in dogs & cats
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How is Chlorambucil administered?
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Orally
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Chorambucil?
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Myelosuppressive (bone marrow), hyperuricemia, crosses placenta
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What class is Cisplatinum in?
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Immunosuppressive/antineoplastic
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What is Cisplatinum's MOA?
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Platinum coordination complexes, inorganic compound, alkylating agent
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Cisplatinum?
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Renal and neurotoxicity. Do NOT use in cats; causes fatal pulmonary toxicity.
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What drug is Frontline made of?
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Fipronil
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What is Fipronil's MOA?
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Blocks the passage of Cl- through GAGA-gated and glutamate-gated channels. Excess neuronal stimulation causes paralysis.
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What is Fipronil used for?
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Kills adult fleas and ticks
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Why does Fipronil not effect mammals?
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Higher binding affinity for insect GABA receptors
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How is Fipronil administered?
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Topically
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What is a risk or side effect of Fipronil?
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Hypersensitivity
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What class is Ceftiofur in?
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Antibiotic
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What kind of antibiotic is Ceftiofur?
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3rd generation cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotic
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Whats is the brand name for Ceftiofur?
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Naxcel
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What is Ceftiofur's MOA?
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Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs (penicillin-binding proteins, which are the enzymes that form the cell wall)
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What is Ceftiofur used for?
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Used in dogs, horses, & cows to treat gram+ and gram- bacteria
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What is Ceftiofur better at doing when compared to earlier Cephalosporins?
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Treating gram- bacteria
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How is Ceftiofur administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Intramammary in dairy cattle
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Ceftiofur?
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Dogs can develop anemia and thrombocytopenia if give 3-5X the registered dose. It can cause fatal diarrhea in horses. Not considered the drug of choice for gram- anaerobes.
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What class is Cefazolin in?
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Antibiotics
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What is the brand name of Cefazolin?
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Kefzol
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What kind of antibiotic is Cefazolin?
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1st generation cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotic
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What is Cefazolin's MOA?
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Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs. Low plasma protein binding --> good penetration into tissue fluid
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What is Cefazolin used for?
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Used in dogs, horses, foals, & calves. Effective against almost all gram+ bacteria and some gram- bacteria
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Which bacteria is Cefazolin not effective against?
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Enterococcus
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How is Cefazolin administered?
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IV, IM, and Sub-Q
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What is Cefazolin's MOA?
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Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs. Low plasma protein binding --> good penetration into tissue fluid
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What is Cefazolin's MOA?
|
Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs. Low plasma protein binding --> good penetration into tissue fluid
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Cefazolin is not considered the drug of choice for what kind of bacteria?
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Gram- anaerobes
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What is Cefazolin's MOA?
|
Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs. Low plasma protein binding --> good penetration into tissue fluid
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What is Cefazolin's MOA?
|
Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs. Low plasma protein binding --> good penetration into tissue fluid
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What is Cefazolin used for?
|
Used in dogs, horses, foals, & calves. Effective against almost all gram+ bacteria and some gram- bacteria
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What is Cefazolin used for?
|
Used in dogs, horses, foals, & calves. Effective against almost all gram+ bacteria and some gram- bacteria
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What is Cefazolin used for?
|
Used in dogs, horses, foals, & calves. Effective against almost all gram+ bacteria and some gram- bacteria
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What is Cefazolin used for?
|
Used in dogs, horses, foals, & calves. Effective against almost all gram+ bacteria and some gram- bacteria
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Which bacteria is Cefazolin not effective against?
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Enterococcus
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How is Cefazolin administered?
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IV, IM, and Sub-Q
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Which bacteria is Cefazolin not effective against?
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Enterococcus
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Which bacteria is Cefazolin not effective against?
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Enterococcus
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Which bacteria is Cefazolin not effective against?
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Enterococcus
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Cefazolin is not considered the drug of choice for what kind of bacteria?
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Gram- anaerobes
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How is Cefazolin administered?
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IV, IM, and Sub-Q
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How is Cefazolin administered?
|
IV, IM, and Sub-Q
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How is Cefazolin administered?
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IV, IM, and Sub-Q
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Cefazolin is not considered the drug of choice for what kind of bacteria?
|
Gram- anaerobes
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Cefazolin is not considered the drug of choice for what kind of bacteria?
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Gram- anaerobes
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Cefazolin is not considered the drug of choice for what kind of bacteria?
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Gram- anaerobes
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What class is Tetracycline in?
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Antibiotics (bacteriostatic)
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What is Tetracycline's MOA?
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Reversibly binds to 30S ribosomal subunits thereby inhibiting protein synthesis
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What is Tetracycline used for?
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Used to treat gram+, gram-, and protozoa
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How is Tetracycline administered?
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IV, IM, and orally
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Tetracycline metabolism and excretion?
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Not metabolized. Excreted in urine & feces.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Tetracycline?
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Resistance to one may confer cross-resistance to other tetracyclines. Cats do not tolerate. May inhibit long bone growth in young animals.
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What class is Potassium penicillin in?
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Beta-lactam antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What is penicillin's MOA?
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Penetrates the outer cell membrane via a pore. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs.
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What does K+ do to the penicillin?
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Makes it water-soluble
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What kind of bacteria is Penicillin effective against?
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Non-beta-lactamase producing gram+ bacteria. Many anaerobes are susceptible. Few select gram- bacteria are also susceptible.
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
|
Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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Which gram- bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Arcanobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasturella multocida
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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Which spirochetes are susceptible to Penicillin?
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Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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How is Penicillin administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
|
Cattle
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
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Cattle
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
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GI upset and hypersensitivity
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
|
Cattle
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
|
GI upset and hypersensitivity
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Which species does not absorb Penicillin well orally?
|
Cattle
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
|
GI upset and hypersensitivity
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Penicillin?
|
GI upset and hypersensitivity
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What class is Neomycin in?
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Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
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Gram- anaerobes
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How is Neomycin administered?
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Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
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How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
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Gram- anaerobes
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How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
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How is Neomycin metabolized?
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Kidney only
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
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How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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|
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
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|
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
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|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
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How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
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How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
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What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
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How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
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How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
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What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
|
What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
|
What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
|
What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
|
What class is Neomycin in?
|
Aminoglycoside antibiotic (bacteriocidal)
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
What is Neomycin's MOA?
|
Diffuses through the OM through aqueous channels formed by porin-proteins O2-required transport into the cell binds to receptor proteins on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome interferes with mRNA translation (protein synthesis)
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
What kind of baceria is Neomycin effective against?
|
Gram- anaerobes
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin administered?
|
Intrauterine tablets & infusion, topical, oral, opthalmic
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
How is Neomycin metabolized?
|
Kidney only
|
|
|
What are some risks and/or side effects with Neomycin?
|
Nephrotoxicity. Too toxic to be used systemically. Can cause irreversible ototoxicity. Contraindicated in rabbits b/c of adverse effects on GI flora balance.
|
|
|
What class is Lidocaine?
|
Local anesthetics
|
|
|
What are some risks and/or side effects with Neomycin?
|
Nephrotoxicity. Too toxic to be used systemically. Can cause irreversible ototoxicity. Contraindicated in rabbits b/c of adverse effects on GI flora balance.
|
|
|
What is Lidocaine's MOA?
|
Interacts w/ receptors on Na+ channels, which inhibits influx of Na+, which inhibits propagation of action potential in the axon
|
|
|
What class is Lidocaine?
|
Local anesthetics
|
|
|
What is Lidocaine's MOA?
|
Interacts w/ receptors on Na+ channels, which inhibits influx of Na+, which inhibits propagation of action potential in the axon
|
|
|
How fast does Lidocaine work?
|
2-5 min.
|
|
|
How fast does Lidocaine work?
|
2-5 min.
|
|
|
How long does Lidocaine last?
|
20-40 min.
|
|
|
How long does Lidocaine last?
|
20-40 min.
|
|
|
What is Lidocaine used for?
|
Nerve blocks, topical numbing, suppress cough and laryngospasm during endotracheal tube insertion and removal
|
|
|
What is Lidocaine used for?
|
Nerve blocks, topical numbing, suppress cough and laryngospasm during endotracheal tube insertion and removal
|
|
|
What is Lidocaine used for?
|
Nerve blocks, topical numbing, suppress cough and laryngospasm during endotracheal tube insertion and removal
|
|
|
How is Lidocaine administered?
|
Injectable, oral, topical
|
|
|
How is Lidocaine administered?
|
Injectable, oral, topical
|
|
|
What are some risks and/or side effects of Lidocaine?
|
CNS toxicity --> seizures. Cardiovascular toxicity --> vasodilation and hypotension. Local irritation.
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How is Lidocaine administered?
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Injectable, oral, topical
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Lidocaine?
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CNS toxicity --> seizures. Cardiovascular toxicity --> vasodilation and hypotension. Local irritation.
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What class is Xylazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Lidocaine used for?
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Nerve blocks, topical numbing, suppress cough and laryngospasm during endotracheal tube insertion and removal
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What class is Xylazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Lidocaine?
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CNS toxicity --> seizures. Cardiovascular toxicity --> vasodilation and hypotension. Local irritation.
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What kind of sedative is Xylazine?
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Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist
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How is Lidocaine administered?
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Injectable, oral, topical
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Lidocaine?
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CNS toxicity --> seizures. Cardiovascular toxicity --> vasodilation and hypotension. Local irritation.
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What class is Xylazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What kind of sedative is Xylazine?
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Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist
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What class is Xylazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What kind of sedative is Xylazine?
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Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist
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What kind of sedative is Xylazine?
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Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Xylazine's MOA?
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Inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic nerve endings. This decreases arousal and inhibits the afferent pain pathway.
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What is Xylazine used for?
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Sedation, restraint, and analgesia
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How is Xylazine administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Xylazine?
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Ruminants are more sensitive so they require 1/10th of the dose. Do not use in animals with liver disease.
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What class is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What class of drugs is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What class of drugs is Acepromazine in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What type of sedative is Acepromazine?
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Phenothiazine
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What type of sedative is Acepromazine?
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Phenothiazine
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What is Acepromazine's MOA?
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Inhibits dopamine release, which inhibits post-synaptic signal transduction, which inhibits neuronal responses of the cerebral cortex
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What is Acepromazine's MOA?
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Inhibits dopamine release, which inhibits post-synaptic signal transduction, which inhibits neuronal responses of the cerebral cortex
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What is Acepromazine used for?
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Sedation, anti-emetic, NOT analgesia
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What is Acepromazine used for?
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Sedation, anti-emetic, NOT analgesia
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How is Acepromazine administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Orally
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How is Acepromazine administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Orally
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Acepromazine?
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Lowers seizure threshold. Depresses thermoregulation. Delays gastric emptying.
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Acepromazine?
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Lowers seizure threshold. Depresses thermoregulation. Delays gastric emptying.
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What class is Diazepam in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What class is Diazepam in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What are some brand names of Diazepam?
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Valium and Diastat
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What are some brand names of Diazepam?
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Valium and Diastat
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What kind of sedative is Diazepam?
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Benzodiazepine (BZD) [GABA agonist]
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Acepromazine?
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Lowers seizure threshold. Depresses thermoregulation. Delays gastric emptying.
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What kind of sedative is Diazepam?
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Benzodiazepine (BZD) [GABA agonist]
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What class is Diazepam in?
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Tranquilizer/sedative
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What is Diazepam's MOA?
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Binds to BZD receptor on GABA --> increases opening of Cl- channels --> hyperpolarizes post-synaptic neuronal membrane --> decreases neuronal transmission
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What is Diazepam's MOA?
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Binds to BZD receptor on GABA --> increases opening of Cl- channels --> hyperpolarizes post-synaptic neuronal membrane --> decreases neuronal transmission
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What are some brand names of Diazepam?
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Valium and Diastat
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What kind of sedative is Diazepam?
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Benzodiazepine (BZD) [GABA agonist]
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What is Diazepam's MOA?
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Binds to BZD receptor on GABA --> increases opening of Cl- channels --> hyperpolarizes post-synaptic neuronal membrane --> decreases neuronal transmission
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What is Diazepam used for?
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Sedation, anti-convulsant, appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant
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How is Diazepam administered?
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IV, IM, oral, rectal
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Diazepam?
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Can cause hemolysis of RBC's.
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What class is Ketamine HCL in?
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Dissociative anesthetic (NMDA antagonist)
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What is Ketamine HCL's MOA?
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Binds to NMDA receptor --> prevents glutamate-NMDA binding --> depressed RAS system and thalamocortical & limbic systems
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What is Ketamine HCL used for?
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Anesthesia, analgesia, NO muscle relaxation
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How is Ketamine HCL administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Ketamine HCL?
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Increases HR by inhibiting uptake of norepinephrine. Emergence delirium can be attenuated by administering with a sedative (esp. in horses)
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What class is Isoflurane in?
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Inhalational anesthetic
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What is Isoflurane's MOA?
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Disrupts ion transfer at synaptic junctions, which disrupts nervous conduction
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What is Ketamine HCL?
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Anesthesia, Analgesia, NO muscle relaxation
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How is Ketamine HCL administered?
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IV, IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Ketamine HCL?
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Adrenergic stimulation increases HR by inhibiting uptake of norepinephrine. Emergence delirium can be attenuated by administering with a sedative (esp. important in horses)
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What class is Isoflurane in?
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Inhalational anesthetic
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What is Isoflurane's MOA?
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Disrupts ion transfer at synaptic junctions --> disrupts nervous conduction
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What is Isoflurane used for?
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Anesthesia, anti-convulsant effects, and some muscle relaxation
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Where is Isoflurane metabolized?
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Lungs
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Isoflurane?
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Can trigger malignant hyperthermia
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What drug class is Butorphanol in?
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Opiod
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What are some brand names of Butorphanol?
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Torbutrol and Torbugesic
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What type of opiod is Butorphanol?
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Kappa agonist and mu sub-maximal agonist
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What kind of onset and duration does Butorphanol have?
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Rapid onset and short duration
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What is Butorphanol used for?
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Analgesia and cough suppressant
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How is Butorphanol administered?
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IV, IM, Sub-Q, Oral
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Butorphanol?
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Cattle get tremors and propulsive walking. Decreased respiration and HR.
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How can you decrease unwanted motor responses wtih Butorphanol?
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Administer with Acepromazine or Xylazine
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What is the generic drug name for Regumate?
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Altrenogest or allyl-trenbolone
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What is Altrenogest?
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Synthetic progestin
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What is the MOA of Altrenogest?
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Acts on progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary --> decreases secretion of FSH & LH
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What is Altrenogest used for?
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Inducing long-lasting ovarian suppression. Used to synchronize the estrous cycle --> withdrawal of therapy initiates a new estrous cycle.
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How is Altrenogest administered?
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Orally
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Altrenogest?
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PGF2a does not induce luteolysis in non-domestic felines
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What is the brand name for eCG (Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin)?
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Chorulon
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What is eCG's MOA?
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Binds to LH & FSH G-coupled receptors in the gonads. Primarily FSH-like activity. Sufficient LH-like activity to induce ovulation and leutinization
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Where is eCG secreted in a pregnant mare?
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Secreted from the endometrial cups of pregnant mares in early pregnancy
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What is eCG used for?
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Stimulates ovarian follicular growth. Used in combination with hCG for induction of ovulation & CL formation. In mares, it stimulates the development of luteal structures leading to increased progesterone secretion.
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How is eCG administered?
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IM (destroyed in the GI if given orally)
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What makes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)?
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Made by syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta
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What is hCG's MOA?
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Binds to LH & FSH G-coupled receptors in the gonads. Primarily LH-like activity.
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What is hCG used for?
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Promotes follicle maturation & formation of CL. Used to induce ovulation after an appropriate follicle size has been achieved (usually by prior treatment with eCG)
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How is hCG administered?
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IM (destroyed in the GI if given orally)
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine?
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PGF2-alpha
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine's MOA?
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Activates a G-protein coupled receptor linked to IP3-Ca2+-protein kinase C pathway --> decreases steroidogenesis by the CL & induces luteolysis in large animals
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When/where is PGF2-alpha produced?
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Produced by the endometrium of farm animals in late diestrus if cycling and late term if pregnant
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine used for?
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Used to stimulate lysis of the CL. Decreases length of the estrous cycle --> hastens the onset of estrus.
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine used for in horses?
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Used to treat mating-induced persistant endometritis
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine used for in dogs, pigs, and cows?
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Used to induce parturition and abortion
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine used for in cows?
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Used to stimulate uterine contractions in order to pass the placenta at birth
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What is Dinoprost Tromethamine used for in dogs and cats?
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Used to treat uterine infections including pyometra
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Which animal is Dinoprost Tromethamine not used on?
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Pigs
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How is Dinoprost Tromethamine administered?
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Sub-Q and IM
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What are some risks and/or side effects of Dinoprost Tromethamine?
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Do NOT give IV. Can be absorbed thru the skin in humans. If given 2 days or more post-ovulation, it can interfere with normal CL development (when treating mating-induced endometritis)
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