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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 sub types of partial seizures? |
simple- no loss of consciousness, limited to one part of the body complex- impairment of consciousness, confused or bizarre behavior |
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How are seizures initiated? |
Excessive electrical discharge from over excited neurons in the cerebral cortex
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What are the sub types of generalized seizures? |
Tonic-Clonic (Grand mal)- consists of alternating periods of synchronous muscle jerks (clonic) and muscle rigidity (tonic phase) with impairment ofconsciousness; followed by a period of CNS depression absence seizures- (petit mal) brief loss of concsciousness characterized by staring and eye fluttering during the last 10-30 seconds Status epilepticus- persistent general seizure >30 min |
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How do phenyotin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (Tegretol) work? |
These drugs inhibit Na influx across the membrane of the neuron, inhibiting depolarization |
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What is thought to be the reason for absence seizures? |
Rapid firing of T-type calcium channels in the hypothalamus |
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_________________, ______________and ____________ do not work on absence seizures |
phenytoin (Dilantin) phenobarbital and carbamezapine (Tegretol) |
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To increase solubility, _______________ solution is very alkaline (pH 11.2) |
phenytoin (Dilantin) |
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________________ works by inhibiting Na channels and augmenting the action of GABA receptors |
topiramate (Topomax) |
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__________________ is most commonly prescribed to treat partial complex seizures |
topiramate (Topomax) |
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_____________ is most commonly used in the treatment of grand mal and complex seizures |
carbamazepine (Tegretol) |
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________________ ___________ is the only seizure medication to treat all types of seizures |
Valproic acid |
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________________ is commonly used to treat absence seizures |
clonazepam (Klonopin) |
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_________________ acts to inhibit calcium channels in the brain, this reducing activity |
gabapentin (Neurontin) |
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__________________ is a newer form of gabapentin, also approved to treat fibromyalgia |
pregabalin (Lyrica) |
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What are two alternatives methods of seizure treatment? |
ketogenic diets vagus nerve stimulation |
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What are the alternate names for tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures? |
tonic-clonic= grand mal absence = petit mal |
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What problems are associated with IV use of phenytoin? |
phlebitis |
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What barbiturate is still used as an anti-seizure medication? |
phenobarbital |
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Name two drugs to treat absence seizures |
clonazepam, Valproic acid |
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What are major adverse effects of phenytoin? |
-sedation, ataxia, cognitive impairment -gingival hyperplasia -dermatitis (In extreme cases, Steven-Johnson syndrome) -teratogenicity -withdrawl can cause SE |
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For what type of seizures is carbamazepine (Tegretol) effective? |
grand mal and complex seizures |
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What are common adverse effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol)? |
sedation, ataxia, vertigo agranulocytosis aplastic anemia birth defects (Class C) rare cases of Steven-Johnson syndrome |
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What other medical conditions can be treated by carbamazepine? |
neuralgia and bipolar disorder |
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What dermatological problem occurs with several of the anti-seizure medications? What is the name for condition when it is severe and life-threatening? |
dermatits Steven-Johnson syndrome |
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An adjunct that is being used to treat partial and tonic-clonic seizures |
levetiracetam (Keppra) |
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Name an anti-seizure drug which has a risk of causing bone marrow suppression. |
Valproic acid (Depakene) |
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An older seizure patient has severe overgrowth of his gums. What seizure medication is he on? |
phenytoin (Dilantin) |
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What adjunct anti-seizure drug has had 80% of its sales in off-label use? Name a newer improved version(still under patent of course) of this drug. There has been controversial off label promotion of this drug for ___________ |
gabapentin (Neurontin) pregabalin (Lyrica) fibromyalgia |
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________________ is the enteric coated version of _________________. _________________ is the IV form |
divalproex (Depakote) valproic acid (Depakene) Depecon |
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What are two benzodiazepines used to treat status epilepticus? |
diazepam (Valium) lorazepam (Ativan) |
