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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the study of WHAT the BODY does to a drug.
(i.e. is the study of drug movement throughout the body. Pharacokinetics also includes drug metabolism and drug excretion
What is Pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics is the study of WHAT a DRUG does to the body.
What are the four main Pharmacokinetic processes?
1) Drug Absorption
2) Drug Distribution
3) Drug Metabolism
4) Drug Excretion
What are the most important properties of an ideal drug?
1) effectiveness
2) safety
3) selectivity
What does selectivity in a drug mean?
A selective drug is defined as one that elicits only the response for which it is given. A selective drug would not produce side effects. There is no such thing as a selective drug: all medications cause side effects!
What is the objective of drug therepy?
The objective of drug therepy is to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
What are the Five Rights of Drug Administration?
1) Give the right drug to the
2) Right patient..in the
3) Right dose...by the
4) Right route..at the
5) Right time

sometimes there is a sixth right: Right documentation
What does the sixth right of drug administration guarantee?
The Sixth Right (Right documentation) guarantees only that a drug will be administered as prescribed.
What does PRN stand for?
PRN stands for pro re nata, a latin phrase meaning as needed or as the occasion arises. With PRN medication the drugs are taken as conditions require.
What are the five steps to the nursing process?
1) assessment
2) analysis (including nursing diagnosis)
3) planning
4) implementation
5) evaluation
What are the 5 categories of controlled substances?
Schedule I, II, III, IV, V

(ie. schedule I = illegal drugs...heroine)
The testing of drugs has two principal steps: what are they?
Preclinical testing (performed on animals) and clinical testing ( performed on humans)
Describe preclinical testing
Preclinical testing is required before a new drug may be tested in humans. May take 1-5 years. When sufficient preclinical data has been gathered, the drug developer may apply to the FDA for permission to begin testing in human. (the drug is awarded Investigational New Drug status and clinical trials may begin).
Describe clinical trials
Clinical trials occur in four phases and may take 2-10 years to complete. The first three phases are done before a new drug is marketed. The fourth is done after marketing has begun.
What is the therapeutic objective?
produce maximum benefit with minimal harm
What are the three types of drug names?
1) chemical name
2) generic name
3) trade name
Regarding the four pharmacokinetic processes, define absorption:
Absorption is defined as the movement of a drug from its site of administation into the blood.
Regarding the four pharmacokinetic processes, define distribution:
Distribution is defined as drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells.
Regarding the four pharmacokinetic processes, define metabolism
Metabolism is defined as enzymatically altering the drug structure
Regarding the four pharmacokinetic processes, define excretment
Excretion is the movement of drugs and their metabolism out of the body. The combination of metabolism and plus excretion is called elimination.
What are the three most important ways by which drugs cross cell membranes?
1) passage thru channels or pores (very rare)
2) passage w/ the aid of a transport system
3) direct penetration of the membrane itself (most common)
What is P-glycoprotein?
(pg. 27)
P-glycoprotein is a transmembrane protein that transports a wide variety of drugs OUT of cells. (i.e. In the liver it transports drugs into the bile for elimination; In the kidney, it pumps drugs into the urine for excretion)
In order for a drug to directly penetrate cell membranes it must be WHAT?
In order for a drug to directly penetrate membranes, a drug must be lipid soluble (lipophilic) The drug must be able to dissolve into the lipids that compose the membrane.
Certain types of molecules are not lipid soluble and therefore cannot penetrate membranes. What group is this?
Polar molecules and ions are not lipid soluble and therefore cannot penetrate membranes
What is a polar molecule?
Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electrical (ie water) But, they have NO net charge; they have an equal number of protons and electrons
What are ions?
Molecules that do bear a net charge are called ions.

Remember: like dissolves like (ie polar molecules will dissolve in polar molecules, but not in non polar molecules) ex: sugar (polar) dissolves in water (which is also polar)
Define ion
Ions are defined as molecules that have a net electrical charge (either pos or neg) Except for very small molecules, ions are unable to cross membranes
What is absorption?
(pg 29)
Absorption is defined as the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. The rate of absorption determines how soon effects will begin. The amount of absorption helps determine how intense effects will be.
What are the different routes of drug administration?
Routes of administration fall into two categories: ENTERAL (via the gastrointestinal tract) and PARENTERAL (ie injection)
oral (PO); intravenous (IV) subcutaneous (subQ) intramuscular (IM)
What does the term parental mean, and what are the parental routes of administration?
parental is used to mean 'by injection'
Intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular
What are the barriers to absoption when a drug is administered IV?
(p 31)
There are no barriers to absorption when a drug is administered IV because absorption is defined as the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. IV absorption results in absorption that is instantaneous and complete.
What is thrombus? What is embolism?
Thrombus = clot
Embolism = blood vessel blockage at a site away from the point of administration bc the clot can break loose and become lodged in another vessel.
What does epinephrine stimulate?
Epinephrine stimulates the cardiovascular system.
What are the intramuscular (IM) barriers to absorption?
When a drug is injected IM, the only barrier to absorption is the capillary wall. Drugs administered IM may be absored rapidly or slowly depending on 1) water solubility of the drug 2) blood flow to the site of injection
Can IV administration be used for poorly soluble drugs?
No. Drugs must be dissolved if they are to be administered IV. IM can be used since little harm will come from depositing a suspension of undissolved drug in the interstitial space of muscle tissue.
What is depot preparation?
(pg 32)
Preparations for which a drug is absorbed slowly over an extended period of time.
What are the subcutaneous barriers to absorption? (pg 32)
Once a drug has been injected subQ, it readily enters the blood by passing through the spaces b/w cells of the capillary wall. As with IM admin, blood flow and drug solubility are the major determinants of how fast absorption takes place.
What does the abbreviation PO mean?
The abbreviation PO is used in reference to oral administration. PO = by way of the mouth
What are the oral barriers to absorption?
Following PO, drugs may be absorbed from the stomach or intestine. There a 2 barriers: 1) the layer of epithelial cells that lines the GI tract 2) the capillary wall (however the walls of the capillaries that serve the GI tract offer no significant resistance to absorption, so the major barrier to absorption is the GI epithelium
What is distribution?
Distribution is defined as the movement of drugs throughout the body.
What is the first phase of distribution?
Drugs are carried by the blood to the tissues and organs of the body. The rate at which drugs are delivered to a particular tissue is determined by blood flow to that tissue.
What are the two pathologic conditions in which low regional blood flow can affect drug therepy?
Abscesses (lack a blood supply; must be drained) and solid tumors (blood flow becomes progressively lower toward the core)
Where do most drugs produce their effect in the body?
Most drugs do not produce their effects within the blood, so the ability to leave the vascular system is necessary for drugs to undergo metabolism and excretion. Drugs in the vascular system leave the bood at capillary beds.
What type of drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier? (BBB)
(pg36)
Only drugs that are lipid soluble or have a transport system can cross the BBB bc of tight junctions between the cells.
What are th protective components of the BBB?
In addition to tight junctions, the BBB has P-glycoprotein that pumps a variety of drugs out of cells, limiting their access to the brain.
What type of compounds can pass through the placenta?
The membranes of the placenta do not constitute an absolute barrier to the passage of drugs. Lipid-soluble, nonionized compounds readily pass from the maternal bloodstream into the blood of the fetus. (P-glycoprotein transports drugs out of placental cells and into the maternal blood).
Of all the proteins to which drugs can bind, which is the most important?
(pg 36)
Plasma albumin is the most important, being the most abundant protein in plasma. Bc of its size, albumin ALWAYS remains in the bloodstream. It is too large to squeeze through pores in the capillary wall, and no transport system exists by which it might leave.
What is another name for drug metabolism and how is it defined?
Drug metabolism is also known as biotransformation. It is defined as the enzymatic alteration of drug structure. Most drug metabolism takes place in the liver.