Pharmacology-Ch 3/4

Front 1

Adverse drug reaction

Back 1

And undesired effect that may be unpleasant or even dangerous.

Front 2

Primary action adverse drug effect

Back 2

A simple overdose. The patient suffers from effects that are merely an extension of the desired effect.

Front 3

Secondary action adverse drug effect

Back 3

An effect of a drug in addition to the desired pharmacological effect.

Hint 3

For example many antihistamines are effective in drying secretions and helping breathing but they may also cause drowsiness.

Front 4

Hypersensitivity adverse drug effect

Back 4

Excessively responsive to either the primary or the secondary effects of the drug. May result from a pathological or underlying condition.

Hint 4

For example a patient who has kidney problems may not be able to excrete the drug and may accumulate the drug in the body causing toxic effects.

Front 5

Drug allergy

Back 5

Occurs when the body forms anti-bodies to a particular drug causing it in immune response when the person is reexposed to the drug. The patient cannot be allergic to a drug that has never been taken although they can have a cross allergy to a drug within the same drug class as one formerly taken.

Front 6

Types of drug allergy responses.

Back 6

Anaphylactic reaction, cytotoxic reaction, serum sickness reaction, delayed allergic reaction.

Front 7

Poisoning

Back 7

Occurs when an overdose of a drug damages multiple body systems, leading to the potential for fatal reactions.

Front 8

Drug induced tissue and organ damage

Back 8

Dermatological reactions, super infections, blood dyscrasia, toxicity; liver and kidney injuries, glucose metabolism, electrolyte imbalance is, sensory effects, neurological effects, in teratogenicity

Front 9

Additive effect of drug interactions

Back 9

1+1 = 2, smaller doses of the drugs are used for the same effect. For example Tylenol with hydrocodone.

Front 10

Synergistic effect of drug interactions

Back 10

1+1 equals more than two. When 2 drugs are given together they interact in a way that combined effects are greater than the sum of each alone. For example alcohol with sleeping pills.

Front 11

Antagonistic affect of drug interactions

Back 11

When combination of two drugs result in effects that are less than the sum of the two together. For example antibiotics with antacids, BCP with antibiotics.

Front 12

Allergic

Back 12

Involves the immune system that identifies the drug as a foreign and forms antibodies.

Front 13

Hypersensitivity

Back 13

Previous exposure sensitizes the immune system and more exposure produces responsiveness to the drug.

Front 14

Anaphylaxis

Back 14

Severe, life-threatening reaction needing immediate treatment. Drug causes release of histamine that produce immediate reaction; rash, hives, swelling and construction of bronchi, increased heart rate, feeling of doom, itchy palms, swollen lips and tongue.

Front 15

Serum sickness reaction

Back 15

Systemic reaction to drugs, often seen in IV medications.

Front 16

Stomatitis

Back 16

Inflammation of the mucous membranes. Can occur because of a direct toxic reaction to the drug or because the drug deposit in the end capillaries in the mucous membranes, leading to information.

Front 17

Symptoms of stomatitis

Back 17

Swollen gums, inflamed gums; (gingivitis), swollen and red tongue (glossitis), difficulty swallowing, bad breath, pain in the mouth and throat.

Front 18

Rashes or hives

Back 18

A dermatological reaction. Symptoms – exfoliative dermatitis, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged liver, and potentially fatal erythema multiforme exudativum (Steven-Johnson syndrome-characterized by dark red papules appearing on the extremities without pain or itching, often in rings or disc shaped patches.)

Front 19

Blood dyscrasia

Back 19

Barrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs when drugs that can cause cell death(antineoplastics, antibiotics) are used.

Front 20

Blood dyscrasia

Back 20

Barrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs when drugs that can cause cell death(antineoplastics, antibiotics) are used.

Front 21

Symptoms of blood dyscrasia

Back 21

Fever, chills, sore throat, we can us, back pain, dark urine, decreased hematocrit(anemia), low platelet count(thrombocytopenia), low white blood cell count(leukopenia), and a reduction of all cellular elements of the complete blood count(pancytopenia).

Front 22

Interventions for blood dyscrasia

Back 22

Monitor blood counts. Provided supportive measures – rest, protection from exposure to infections, protection from injury, avoidance of activities that might result in bleeding. In severe cases, discontinue the drug into the bone marrow recovers to a safe level.

Front 23

Nursing interventions for stomatitis

Back 23

Provide frequent mouth care with nonirritating solution. Offer nutrition evaluation and recommend small frequent meals, possible dental consultation.

Front 24

Superinfection

Back 24

When several kinds of drugs – especially antibiotics – destroy normal flora within the body, superinfections can occur.

Front 25

Symptoms of superinfections

Back 25

Fever, diarrhea, black or hairy tongue, inflamed and swollen tongue – glossitis, mucous membrane lesions, vaginal discharge with or without itching.

Front 26

Nursing interventions for superinfections

Back 26

Provide supportive measures – frequent mouth care, skincare, access to bathroom, small and frequent meals, administer antifungal therapy as appropriate, and severe cases discontinue the drug.

Front 27

Symptoms of liver injury due to drug toxicity

Back 27

Fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, change in color of urine or stool's, abdominal pain or colic, elevated liver enzymes, alterations and Bilirubin levels, and changes in clotting factors.

Front 28

Symptoms of kidney injury due to drug toxicity

Back 28

Elevated BUN or creatinine concentration, decreased hematocrit, electrolyte imbalances, fatigue, malaise, edema, irritability, skin rash.

Front 29

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Back 29

Fatigue, drowsiness, hunger, anxiety, headache, cold clammy skin, shaking and lack of coordination, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, numbness in tingling of the mouth tongue or lips, confusion, rapid or shallow respirations, in severe cases seizures or coma.

Front 30

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Back 30

Fatigue, increased urination, increased thirst, deep respirations, restlessness, increased hunger, nausea, hot or flushed skin, fruity odor to breath.

Front 31

Symptoms of hypokalemia

Back 31

Serum potassium concentration lower than 3.5, weakness, numbness and tingling in the extremities, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased bowel sounds, irregular pulse or weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, disorientation, in severe cases paralytic ileus.

Front 32

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Back 32

Serum potassium level higher than five, we can us, muscle cramps, diarrhea, numbness or tingling, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and difficulty breathing.

Front 33

Symptoms of hypokalemia

Back 33

Serum potassium concentration lower than 3.5, weakness, numbness and tingling in the extremities, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased bowel sounds, irregular pulse or weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, disorientation, in severe cases paralytic ileus.

Front 34

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Back 34

Serum potassium level higher than five, we can us, muscle cramps, diarrhea, numbness or tingling, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and difficulty breathing.

Front 35

Symptoms of ocular damage

Back 35

Blurring of vision, color vision changes, corneal damage, blindness.

Nursing interventions – monitor patient's vision, provide supportive measures, monitor lighting in exposure to sunlight. Consult with primary caregiver in discontinue drug as appropriate.

Front 36

Symptoms of auditory damage

Back 36

Dizziness, ringing in the ears(tinnitus)loss of balance.

Nursing interventions – monitor patients losses or changes, provide protective measures to prevent falling, consult with prescriber to decrease dose or

Front 37

Symptoms of hypokalemia

Back 37

Serum potassium concentration lower than 3.5, weakness, numbness and tingling in the extremities, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased bowel sounds, irregular pulse or weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, disorientation, in severe cases paralytic ileus.

Front 38

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Back 38

Serum potassium level higher than five, we can us, muscle cramps, diarrhea, numbness or tingling, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and difficulty breathing.

Front 39

Symptoms of ocular damage

Back 39

Blurring of vision, color vision changes, corneal damage, blindness.

Nursing interventions – monitor patient's vision, provide supportive measures, monitor lighting in exposure to sunlight. Consult with primary caregiver in discontinue drug as appropriate.

Front 40

Symptoms of auditory damage

Back 40

Dizziness, ringing in the ears(tinnitus)loss of balance.

Nursing interventions – monitor patients losses or changes, provide protective measures to prevent falling, consult with prescriber to decrease dose or

Front 41

Teratogenic toxicity

Back 41

Causes birth defects in fetuses

Front 42

Mutagenic toxicity

Back 42

Changes DNA permanently

Front 43

Carcinogenic toxicity

Back 43

Causes cancer