Pharmacology

Front 1

broad description of a drug or medication; includes mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic/dynamic parameters, drug interactions, adverse effects, toxic effects

Back 1

Pharmacology

Front 2

pharmacology + disease state + patient; takes into consideration the pharmacology of a medication and broadens the concept by looking at how to use the medication in patients with various disease states

Back 2

Pharmacotherapeutics

Front 3

basically, too many medications are taken by a patient; very common in the elderly; very common in patients seeing multiple practitioners

Back 3

Polypharmacy

Front 4

what the body does to the drug; absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

Back 4

Pharmacokinetics

Front 5

what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action

Back 5

Pharmacodynamics

Front 6

considers genetic factors (in patients) that may have an effect on a drug’s responsiveness

Back 6

Pharmacogenetics

Front 7

aka “drug targets); specific target where a medication will “do its job” or exert its effect; receptors may be a membrane protein, an enzyme, or a nucleic acid; the “lock and key hypothesis”— the drug and receptor must be structurally complementary to recognize each other and exert an effect

Back 7

Receptor

Front 8

meds that bind to a receptor and activate it

Back 8

Agonists

Front 9

meds that bind to a receptor, but that do not have the exact structural features needed to activate it

Back 9

Antagonists

Front 10

drug administration -> PO (oral)

Back 10

Enteral administration

Front 11

drug administration -> IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), SC (subcutaneous)

Back 11

Parenteral administration

Front 12

place medication on the skin or mucous membranes for absorption

Back 12

Topical

Front 13

circulation; vascular space; where most medications go once they are absorbed PO; where IV medications go immediately

Back 13

Systemic

Front 14

An order for medication issued by a physician or properly licensed medical practitioner.

Back 14

Prescription

Front 15

medications, which may be dispensed legally when issued by a physician or properly, licensed medical practitioner. Also termed “Legend drug”.

Back 15

Prescription Drugs

Front 16

medication purchased without a prescription also termed over-the-counter (OTC) drug.

Back 16

Nonprescription Drug

Front 17

printed forms that contain blanks spaces for required prescription information.

Back 17

Prescription Blank

Front 18

are drugs which because of the potential for abuse, are controlled under special regulations by the federal government.

Back 18

Controlled Substances

Front 19

prescription orders requiring the pharmacist to mix ingredients.

Back 19

Compounded Prescription

Front 20

abv -> ac

Back 20

before meals

Front 21

abv -> ad

Back 21

right ear

Front 22

abv -> as

Back 22

left ear

Front 23

abv -> am

Back 23

before noon, morning

Front 24

abv -> Amp

Back 24

Ampule

Front 25

abv -> aq

Back 25

water

Front 26

abv -> ATC

Back 26

around the clock

Front 27

abv -> au

Back 27

each ear

Front 28

abv -> bid

Back 28

twice a day

Front 29

abv -> bm

Back 29

bowel movement

Front 30

abv -> BSA

Back 30

Body surface area

Front 31

abv -> C

Back 31

with

Front 32

abv -> Caps

Back 32

Capsules

Front 33

abv -> cc

Back 33

cubic centimeter (equivalent to milliliter)

Front 34

abv -> Dil

Back 34

dilute

Front 35

abv -> DC, disc

Back 35

an order to stop medication, discharge

Front 36

abv -> DW

Back 36

distilled water

Front 37

abv -> D5W

Back 37

dextrose 5% in water

Front 38

abv -> g, gm or Gm

Back 38

gram

Front 39

abv -> gr

Back 39

Grain

Front 40

abv -> gtt

Back 40

a drop

Front 41

abv -> h or hr

Back 41

hour

Front 42

abv -> ha or h/a

Back 42

headache

Front 43

abv -> hs or HS

Back 43

at bedtime

Front 44

abv -> ID

Back 44

intradermal

Front 45

abv -> IM

Back 45

intramuscular

Front 46

abv -> Inj

Back 46

injection

Front 47

abv -> IV, iv

Back 47

intravenous

Front 48

abv -> IVP

Back 48

intravenous push

Front 49

abv -> Liq

Back 49

solution

Front 50

abv -> mcg or ug

Back 50

microgram

Front 51

abv -> MEq

Back 51

Milliequivalent

Front 52

abv -> mg

Back 52

milligram

Front 53

abv -> mg/kg

Back 53

mg of drug per kilogram of body weight

Front 54

abv -> mg/m2

Back 54

mg of drug per sq. meter of body surface area

Front 55

abv -> ml or mL

Back 55

milliliter

Front 56

abv -> NPO

Back 56

nothing by mouth

Front 57

abv -> NS or NSS

Back 57

normal saline or normal saline solution

Front 58

abv -> N & V

Back 58

nausea & vomiting

Front 59

abv -> od

Back 59

right eye

Front 60

abv -> os

Back 60

left eye

Front 61

abv -> ou

Back 61

each eye

Front 62

abv -> pc

Back 62

after meals

Front 63

abv -> pm

Back 63

afternoon, evening

Front 64

abv -> po

Back 64

by mouth

Front 65

abv -> prn

Back 65

as/when necessary or when required

Front 66

abv -> Q or q

Back 66

each, every

Front 67

abv -> Qd or qd

Back 67

every day

Front 68

abv -> Qh or qh

Back 68

every hour

Front 69

abv -> qid

Back 69

four times a day

Front 70

abv -> qod

Back 70

every other day

Front 71

abv -> qs

Back 71

as much as sufficient

Front 72

abv -> rect or R

Back 72

use rectally

Front 73

abv -> repet

Back 73

let it be repeated

Front 74

abv -> s

Back 74

without

Front 75

abv -> Sig

Back 75

(you) write

Front 76

abv -> sl

Back 76

subligual (under the tongue)

Front 77

abv -> ss

Back 77

one-half

Front 78

abv -> Stat

Back 78

immediately

Front 79

abv -> subc or subq or sc or sq

Back 79

subcutaneously

Front 80

abv -> supp

Back 80

suppository

Front 81

abv -> susp

Back 81

suspension

Front 82

abv -> Syr

Back 82

syrup

Front 83

abv -> tab

Back 83

tablet

Front 84

abv -> Tbsp

Back 84

tablespoon

Front 85

abv -> tid

Back 85

three times a day

Front 86

abv -> tiw

Back 86

three times a week

Front 87

abv -> tsp

Back 87

teaspoon

Front 88

abv -> U or u

Back 88

unit

Front 89

abv -> ud

Back 89

as directed

Front 90

abv -> ut dict

Back 90

as directed

Front 91

abv -> L

Back 91

Fifty

Front 92

abv -> C

Back 92

one hundred

Front 93

abv -> D

Back 93

five hundred

Front 94

abv -> M

Back 94

one thousand

Front 95

100 mg or 100mg?

Back 95

100 mg

Front 96

1 mg or 1.0 mg?

Back 96

1 mg

Front 97

.1 mL or 0.1 mL?

Back 97

0.1 mL

Front 98

unit or U?

Back 98

unit

Front 99

mg. , Mg. , mg , Mg , MG , mgm , mgs?

Back 99

mg

Front 100

mL., ml., mls, mLs, mL, cc, ml?

Back 100

mL or ml

Front 101

When drug molecules are released from dosage form

Back 101

dissolution

Front 102

When drug molecules are absorbed across biological membranes to reach systemic circulation

Back 102

absorption

Front 103

The fraction of drug absorbed into the systemic circulation after extravascular administration.

Back 103

bioavailability

Front 104

PO-> to gut -> to liver via portal circulation

Back 104

1st pass effect

Front 105

List drug factors that affect absorption

Back 105

lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, ionization state, molecular weight

Front 106

Point where the amount of drug delivered to the body = the amount of drug being eliminated from the body in one t 1/2

Back 106

steady state concentration

Front 107

How many serum half lives does it take to reach steady state concentration?

Back 107

5

Front 108

The way in which drugs are administered in order to maintain a steady state of drug in the body

Back 108

Maintenance Dose

Front 109

A dose that raises the concentration of drug in plasma to the target concentration; this may be desirable when the time to reach steady state (Css) is long

Back 109

Loading Dose

Front 110

The highest point (concentration) in the blood stream after administration of the drug

Back 110

Peak drug concentration

Front 111

The lowest point (concentration) in the blood stream – usually immediately before next dosing interval

Back 111

Trough drug concentration

Front 112

Range of concentrations within which the pharmacologic response is produced and the adverse effects are prevented

Back 112

Therapeutic Range

Front 113

relates the amount of drug in the body to the serum concentration; reflects the extent to which a drug is present in extravascular tissue

Back 113

Volume of distribution

Front 114

Single most important factor in determining drug concentrations; determines the steady-state concentration (Css) for a given dosage rate

Back 114

Clearance

Front 115

Identify the 3 factors involved in the calculation of drug clearance

Back 115

dose, organ blood flow, function of liver or kidneys

Front 116

Serum creatinine has an inverse relationship with ________ function.

Back 116

kidney

Front 117

Any ______ ________ medication should be dose-adjusted <= 60 ml/min
estClCr.

Back 117

renally cleared

Front 118

____________ and ______________ transform meds into more polar compounds which allows them to be excreted

Back 118

Metabolism, biotransformation

Front 119

Usually occur somewhere between absorption of med into systemic circulation and the med’s renal elimination

Back 119

Biotransformations

Front 120

T or F -> The kidneys are the primary organs of drug metabolism.

Back 120

F The liver is the primary organ of drug metabolism.

Front 121

Usually convert the parent drug into a more polar metabolite (may be an active metabolite or an inactive metabolite); modify structure

Back 121

Phase I reactions

Front 122

Combines ("conjugates") drug with large, H2O soluble polar molecules to increase solubility and excretion into the urine.

Back 122

Phase II reactions

Front 123

Dose-response relation of one drug is altered by another drug

Back 123

Drug-drug interaction

Front 124

enhances therapeutic efficacy

Back 124

Synergism

Front 125

reduces therapeutic efficacy

Back 125

Antagonism

Front 126

Can be considered as "positive" drug interactions

Back 126

Additive Effect

Front 127

Are negative drug interactions which have the possibility of going unnoticed for some time

Back 127

Diminished Effect

Front 128

These interactions, which are considered negative, cause the medications to have an unexpected outcome.

Back 128

Altered Effect