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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 5 steps of the nursing process? |
Assessment, Diagnosis, Plan, Intervention, Evaluation |
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What are the seven rights when administering drugs? |
Right patient, drug, dosage, time, documentation, route, and reason |
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Food and Drug Administration |
Federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies |
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Pharmacology |
The study of the biological effects of chemicals |
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Pharmacotherapeutics / clinical pharmacology |
Deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans |
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How many pre clinical trial phases are there? |
4 |
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Phase I study |
A pilot study of a potential drug done with a small number of selected, healthy human volunteers |
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Phase II study |
A clinical study of a proposed drop by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent |
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Phase III study |
Use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in a clinical setting with patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat |
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Phase IV study |
Continual evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing |
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How many FDA pregnancy categories are there? |
There are five categories category A, Category B, category C, category D, and category X |
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How many DEA schedules of controlled substances are there? |
There are 5 schedules. |
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DEA schedule I (C-I) |
High abuse potential and no accepted medical use (heroin, marijuana, LSD) |
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DEA schedule II (C-II) |
High abuse potential with severe dependence liability (narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates) |
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DEA schedule III (C-III) |
Less abuse potential than schedule 2 drugs and moderate dependence liability (non barbiturates sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, limited amounts of certain narcotics) |
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DEA schedule IV (C-IV) |
Less abuse potential than schedule 3 and limited dependence liability (some sedatives, anti anxiety agents, and non narcotic analgesics) |
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DEA schedule V (C-V) |
Limited abuse potential. Primarily small amounts of narcotics used as antitussives or antidiarrheals. Under federal law limited quantities of certain schedule 5 drugs maybe purchase without a prescription directly from the pharmacist |
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What information do drug labels include? |
A drug label identifies the brand and generic names for the drug, the drug dosage, the expiration date, and special drug warnings. |
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Preclinical trials |
Testing of potential drugs on laboratory animals to determine their therapeutic and adverse effects |
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First-pass effect |
A phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation |
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Pharmacodynamics |
The study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter living organisms; the way a drug effects the body |
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Pharmacokinetics |
The way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion |
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Drugs may work by...? |
Replacing a missing body chemicals, by stimulation or depressing cellular activity, or by interfering with the function of foreign cells |
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Critical concentration |
The amount of a drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect |
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Dynamic equilibrium |
The actual concentration of a drug reaches in the body resulting from absorption from the site of entry, distribution to the active site, biotransformation / metabolism in the liver, excretion from the body |
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List some factors that influence drug effects. |
Weight, age, gender, physiological factors, pathological factors, genetic factors, immunological factors, psychological factors, environmental factors, drug tolerance, cumulation effects, interactions |
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In what situations can drug-drug interactions occur? |
At the side of absorption, during distribution, during biotransformation, during excretion, and at the site of action. |
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Secondary actions |
Effects that the drug causes in the body that are not related to the therapeutic effect |
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Do all drugs have adverse effects? |
Yes |
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Nursing diagnosis |
Statement of an actual or potential problem, based on the assessment of a particular clinical situation, which directs needed nursing interventions. |
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What are the two divisions of the nervous system? |
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. |
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What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. |
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Sympathetic nervous system |
Fight or flight response, anticholinergic, adrenergic |
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Adrenergic agents/sympathomimetics |
Stimulates the SNS, includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, can cause urinary retention, used during shock, hypotension, and cardiac arrest, possible side effects include tachycardia, hypertension, dysrhythmias, seizures, URINARY RETENTION |
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Parasympathetic nervous system |
Rest and digest, cholinergics |
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Cholinergic agents/parasymoathomimetics |
Stimulate PNS/inhibit SNS, nerves releasing acetylcholine are Cholinergic, activation of acetylcholine results in classic symptoms of parasympathetic stimulation, medications include atropine, atrovent, congentin |
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Benzodiazepines |
The facility the opening of GABA activated chloride channel. No action in the absence of GABA. Low does causes anxiolytic effects, high dose causes sedation (contraindications?). Used for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, hyperexcitability and agitation, preoperative relief of anxiety and tension. Antidote is Romazicon. |
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Barbiturates |
General CNS depressant. Phenibarnital (luminal) and pentobarbital (nembutal) Enhance action I'd GABA by binding to GABA receptors Causes: sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, and coma |
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What are the three classifications of antidepressants? |
TCAs, MAOIs, and SSRIs |
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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) |
Reduced absorption of norepinephrine, helps neuron activity➡improves mood Amitrityline (Elavil), imipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline (Pamelor) Used for symptoms of depression, sleep disorders, enuresis, and chronic pain. |
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
Inhibits MAOs (enzyme that breaks down NE and dopamine) Phenelzine (Nardil), Isocaboxazid (Marplan), Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Last choice drug to treat depression due to side effects |
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5HT |
Serotonin receptors |
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs |
Block the reuptake of 5-ht, with little to no effect on norepinephrine Citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft) Used for depression, OCD, panic attacks, PTSD 2 weeks to take affect Don't take with MAOIs |
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Narcotic agonists |
Act at specific opioid receptor sites at the synaptic cleft to produce analgesic, sedation, euphoria and hallucinations Used for moderate to severe pain, adjunct to general anesthesia, relief of pain during labor and delivery Slows everything down-contraindications? |
Respirations |
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Narcotic antagonists |
Reverse effects of opioids Reversal of narcotic effects Naloxone (Narcan) |
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Antiseizure agents |
Hydantoins (Phenytoin or Dilantin) Stabilizes nerve membranes throughout the CNS directly by influencing ionic channels in the cell membranes |
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What are the two categories of anesthetics? |
General and local anesthetics |
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