Pharmacology

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bacteria that are susceptible to the antibacterial actions of a particular drug.

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antibacterial spectrum

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antibacterial drug obtained from other microorganisms.

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antibiotic

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identification of the antibiotics, by bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, that will be effective against specific bacteria.

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antibiotic susceptibility

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antibacterial drugs obtained by chemical synthesis and not from other microorganisms.

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antimicrobial

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single-celled microorganisms, some of which cause disease.

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bacteria

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ability of som bacteria to resist the actions of antibiotics.

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bacterial resistance

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antibiotic that kills bacteria.

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bactericidal

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antibiotic that inhibits the growth of, but does not kill, bacteria.

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bacteriostatic

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bacterial enzymes that inactivate penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

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beta-lactamases

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drug that is effective against a wide variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

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broad-spectrum

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bacterial enzymes that inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.

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cephalosporinases

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use of antibiotics to prevent infection, usually before a surgical procedure or in patients at risk for infection.

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chemoprophylaxis

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use of drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms or cancer cells.

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chemotherapy

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bacteria that retain only the red stain in a gram stain.

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gram negative

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bacterai that retain only the blue stain in a gram stain.

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gram positive

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method of staining and identifying bacteria using crystal violet (blue) and safranin (red) stains.

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gram stain

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type of bacteria that cause disease.

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pathogenic

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bacterial enzymes that inactivate penicillin antibiotics.

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penicillnase

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protection from viral reinfection in the form of antibodies.

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acquired immunity

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viral-induced disease characterized by multiple opportunistic infections as a result of depleted lymphocytes involved in the cell-mediated immune process.

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AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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the ability of viruses to change the composition or structure of their surface proteins (viral coat) that are responsible for producing disease (pathogenicity).

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antigenic drift and antigenic shift

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infection caused by the yeast Candida; also known as moniliasis.

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candidiasis

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infection of the skin, hair, or nails caused by a fungus.

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dermatophytic

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substance, chemical solution, or drug that kills fungi.

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fungicidal

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human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for producing AIDS.

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HIV

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condition that causes individuals to resist acquiring or developing a disease or infection.

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immunity

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having inhibition of the body's immune response (ability to fight infection), usually induced by drugs or viruses.

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immunosuppressed

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composed of a protein substance largely dound in hair and nails.

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keratinized

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any disease caused by a fungus.

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mycosis

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molecule that contains purine or pyrimidine bases in combination with sugar.

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nucleoside

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microorganism capable of causing disease only when the resistance (immunocompetence) of the host is impaired.

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opportunistic organism

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disease associaated with excessive liver production of delta-aminolevulonic acid and characterized by intermittent hypertension, abdominal cramps, and psychosis.

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porphyria (acute)

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a potentially fatal illness characterized by vomiting, and enlarged liver, convulsions, and coma, in children and adolescents; linked to the use of salicylates in the management of influenza, usually type B or chickenpox.

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Reye's syndrome

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term used for Candida infection in the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynex

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thrush

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condition in which there is no outward evidence (symptom) that an infection is present.

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asymptomatic

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pattern of characteristic symptoms (central nervous system [cns] stimulation and headache) associated with the use of cinchona alkaloids (chemicals extracted fromthe bark of the cinchona tree).

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cinchonism

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reaction to alcohol ingestion characterized by intense nausea as a result of drug-induced accumulation of acetaldehyde, such as that produced by disulfiram.

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disulfiram reation

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condition characterized by frequent watery stools (usually containing blood and mucus), tenesmus, fever, and dehydration.

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dysentery

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ion in solution, such as sodium, potassium, or chloride, that is capable of mediating conduction (passing impulses in the tissue).

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electrolyte

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present continually in a particular geographic region, often in spite of control measures.

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endemic

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organism in an immature staage of development

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gametocyte

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protozoal infection characterized by attacks of chills, fever, and sweating.

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malaria

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procedure or medication to prevent a disease, rather than to treat an existing disease

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prophylaxis

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single-celled organism belonging to the genus protozoa.

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protozoan

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arresting of malaria, in which protozoal parasites are eliminated from all tissues.

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radical cure

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a painful spasm of the anal sphincter, causing an urgent desire to defecate although little of no material is passed

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tenesmus

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infection caused by the Trichomonas organism; a sexually transmitted disease.

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trichomoniasis

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substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms without totally distroying them; refers to substance used on living tissue.

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aniseptic

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permanent black discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by prolonged use of silver protein solutions.

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argyria

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suffix denoting killing, as of microorganisms.

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-cidal

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bedsore.

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decubitis ulcer

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causing destruction of bacterial protein function; also adulteration of alcohol, rendering it unfit for drinking.

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denaturing

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substance that inhibits the growth of disease-causing microorganisms; refers to substances used on nonliving surfaces.

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disinfectant

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thick crust of scab that develops after skin is burned.

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eschar

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exaggerated response, such as rash, edema, or anaphylaxis, that developes following exposure to certain drugs or chemicals.

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hypersensitivity

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compund containing iodine.

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iodophor

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washing (lavage) of a wound or cavity with large volumes of fluid.

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irrigation

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to disintegrate or dissolve

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lyse

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infection acquired as a resuld of being in a hospital.

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nosocomial

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suffix denoting the inhibition of, as of microoranisms.

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-static

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process that results in destruction of all mmicroorganisms.

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sterilization

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irreversible chemical bond that some drugs form with nucleic acids and DNA.

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alkylation

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drug whose chemical structure is similar to that of normal body metabloites and taht inhibits normal cell function.

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antimetabolite

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drug that inhibits tumor growth or cell reproduction; used to treat cancer

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antineoplastic

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disease that involves the developement and reproduction of abnormal cells.

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cancer

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use of drugs to inhibit the growth of or distroy infectious organisms or cancer cells.

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chemotherapy

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lack of responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy.

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drug resistance

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life-threatening; refers to growth of a tumor that causes the normal cell population to decrease.

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malignant

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spread of cancer cells throughout the body, from primary to seconday sites

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metastasis

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suppression of bone marrow activity that interferes with the production of all blood cells; causes anemia, incresed infections, and bleeding problems.

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myelosupression

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period when cancer cells are not increasing in number

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remission

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causing birth defects of fetal abnormalities.

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teratogenic

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group of new cells having no useful function and exhibiting abnormal, uncontrolled growth; also called a neoplasm.

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tumor

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protein that attacks and helps destroy infectious organisms.

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antibody

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causing cancer.

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carcinogenic

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study of drugs with immunosuppressive and immunostimulant effects.

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immunopharmacology

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ability to stimulate and increase immune function.

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immunostimulation

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ability to reduce the activity of immune function.

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immunosuppression

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chemical mediatior produced by immune cells that increases immune function.

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interferon

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chemical mediatior produced by immune cells that help regulate and increase immune function.

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interleukin

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decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes.

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lymphopenia

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having the ability to cause mutations.

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mutagenic

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capable of causing abnormal development.

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teratogenic