Pharmacology

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sources of medications

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plants, animals, minerals, lab-created synthetic

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pharmacology

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the study of the properties and effects of drugs and medications on the body

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drugs

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chemical agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease

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dose

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amount of the medication that is given depending on the patient's size and age

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action

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the therapeutic effect that the medication is expected to have on the body

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indications

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the therapeutic uses for a particular medication

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contraindications

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situations in which a medication should not be given because it would not help or may actually harm a patient

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side effects

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any actions of a medication other than the desired ones

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idiosyncratic reaction

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one that is a peculiar, unexpected, or individual reaction to a drug

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trade name

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brand name that a manufacturer gives to a medication; proper noun and is capitalized; i.e. Tylenol

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generic name

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its orginal chemical name, not capitalized and is usually suggested by the first manufacturer; i.e. nitroglycerin

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USP

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United States Pharmacopeia; all medications that are licensed for use in the US are listed by their generic names in the USP

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chemical name

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precise description of the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure

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official name

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name assigned by the USP; in most cases it is the generic name followed by "USP."

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3 methods of drug classification

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Body system, Class of agent, Mechanism of action

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Body system classification

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categorizing by the system affected by that drug; i.e. cardiac drug

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Class of agent

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tells how it affects the system; i.e. antipyretic (fever reducer)

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Mechanism of action

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function of a drug or the particular action of a drug on an organism; vasodilator

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Assay

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analysis of a substance to determine its constituents and the relative proportion of each

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Bioassay

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the determination of the strength of a drug by comparing its effect on a live animal or an isolated organ preparation with that of a standard preparation

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CNS

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central nervous system; comprised of the brain and spinal cord

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PNS

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peripheral nervous system; comprised of all the nervous tissue outside of the CNS. Includes the somatic and autonomic nervous system

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somatic nervous system

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controls all voluntary or motor functions

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autonomic nervous system

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controls all involuntary or automatic functions; works without conscious control and regulates functions of the internal organs, glands, and smooth muscle

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divisions of the ANS

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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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sympathetic nervous system

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responsible for body's response to shock and stress; "fight or flight"; associated with release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

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sympathetic responses

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shunting of blood to vital organs, increase of heart rate and respirations, increased BP, dilation of pupils, reduction of digestive activity

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parasympathetic nervous system

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relaxes the body; controls automatic functions during nonstressful times; referred to as "rest and relax" division

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parasympathetic responses

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slowing of heart and respiratory rates, lowering BP, constriction of pupils, increasing digestive activity

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afferent

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coming towards the brain

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efferent

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going away from the brain

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adrenergic

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from adrenals; epinephrine/norepinephrine; sympathetic response

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cholinergic

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acetylcholine;parasympathetic response

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4 types of adrenergic responses

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alpha 1 - vasoconstriction
alpha 2 - peripheral vasodilation, little or no bronchoconstriction
beta 1 - increased heart rate, automaticity, contractility and conductivity
beta 2 - bronchodilation

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sympathomimetics

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mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

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sympatholytics

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(antiadrenergics) antagonize or fight against the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

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beta blockers

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work by filling a portion of the beta receptor sites to prevent binding by beta stimulators that occur naturally in the body

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10th cranial nerve

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vagus nerve where majority of the innervation of the parasympathetic nervous system comes from

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acetylcholine

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the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic division; cholinergics

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parasympatholytics

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antagonists to the parasympathetic nervous system (anticholinergics)

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parasympathomimetics

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agonists to the parasympathetic nervous system

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pharmacokinetics

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absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; the movement of the medication through the body; how it enters, where it goes, how it leaves

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pharmacodynamics

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the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms; drug receptor interaction; how the medication changes the body; its mechanism of action

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4 stages drugs go through

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absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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agonist

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drug that interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response

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antagonist

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drug that attaches to a receptor site to block a response

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partial agonist

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drug that interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses

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solution

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liquid mixture of one or more substances that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand

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suspension

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substance ground into fine particles that do not dissolve well in liquids

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MDI

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metered dose inhaler; miniature spray canister used to direct substances through the mouth and into the lungs

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topical medications

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applied to the surface of the skin

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transdermal medications

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transcutaneous medications designed to be absorbed through the skin

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gel

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semiliquid substance administered orally through capsules or plastic tubes

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oral glucose

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a simple sugar that is readily absorbed by the bloodstream

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inhalation route

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medications that are aerosolized and drawn into the lungs as the patient breathes

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enteral drugs

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administered along any portion of the gastrointestinal tract including sublingual, buccal, oral, rectal, and nasogastric routes

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parenteral drugs

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administered through any route other than the gastrointestinal tract including IV, IM, IO, SC, transdermal, intrathecal, inhalation, intralingual, intradermal, and umbilical injection

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absorption

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the passage of a substance through some surface of the body into body fluids and tissues

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fastest way to deliver medication

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IV

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bioavailability

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rate and extent to which an active drug enters the general circulation, permitting access to the site of action

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osmosis

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movement of a solvent (fluid) from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

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filtration

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removal of particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier

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biotransformation

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the chemical alteration that a substance undergoes in the body

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primary organ for biotransformation

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liver

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excretion

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elimination of waste products from the body

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therapeutic effect

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beneficial action of a drug to correct a body dysfunction

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efficacy

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the ability to produce a desired effect

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therapeutic threshold

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minimum concentration required to produce the desired response

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therapeutic index

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the difference between the minimum effective concentration and a toxic level

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iatrogenic response

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an adverse condition induced in a patient by the treatment given; UTI after insertion of a foley catheter

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tolerance

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a progressive decrease in susceptibility to the effects of a drug after repeated doses

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cross-tolerance

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tolerance to a drug that "bleeds over" to other drugs in the same class

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cumulative effect

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action of increased intensity after administration of several doses of a drug

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polypharmacy

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taking several medications each day

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DEA classification of controlled substances

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Schedule I - no accepted medical use (heroin, etc.)
Schedule II - high abuse and dependence potential (morphine, demerol)
Schedule III - moderately high abuse and dependence potential (Tylenol with codeine)
Schedule IV - moderate abuse and dependence potential (valium, phenobarbital)
Schedule V - low abuse and dependence potential (robitussin A-C)

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EMT-I 1985 meds

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Oxygen, Activated charcoal, Oral glucose, D50W; assist patients with: Epinephrine, nitroglycerin, MDI medications

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adsorption

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to bind or stick to a surface

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documentation of medication adminstration includes:

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name of med, dose, route, vital signs before and after

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adrenal glands

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endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

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buccal

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medication route between cheek and gums

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half-life

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time required by body, tissue, or organ to metabolize or inactivate half the amount of substance taken in; important consideration in determining proper dose and frequency of adminstration

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PO

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per os; through the mouth, oral

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PR

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per rectum

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sublingual

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under the tongue