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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 drug categories of antiemetics?
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1. Antihistamines
2. Phenothiazines 3. Antiserotonins 4. NK-1 Receptor blockers 5. Anticholinergic drugs |
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What antihistamines can be used as antiemetics?
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* Diphenhydramine
* Dimenhydrinate * Promethazine |
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What antihistamines can be used as antimetics?
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* Diphenhydramine
* Dimenhydrinate * Promethazine |
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MOA of Antihistamines as antiemetics
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* Block histamine H1 & H2 receptors involved in transmission of vomiting
* Block histamic nerve transmission transmission from CRTZ and vestibular apparatus |
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Phenothiazines that act as antiemetics
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* Chlorpromazine
* Prochlorperazine * Acepromazine * Metoclopramide |
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MOA of Phenothiazines as antiemetics
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* Dopamine antagonists in CNS, prevent dopamine from stimulation vomiting in emetic center and CRTZ
* Aplha1 blocker, block receptors in emetic center * Some block histamic and muscarinic receptors |
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Anticholinergic drugs that act as antiemetics
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* Atropine
* Methscoplamine * Isopropamide |
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MOA of Anticholinergic drugs as antiemetics
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* Block muscarinic M1-receptor
* Reduce vomiting induced by vestibular stimulation and CRTZ |
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Antiserotonin drug that acts as an antiemetic?
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Ondansetron
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MOA of Ondansetron
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5-HT3 antagonist (serotonin receptor)
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NK-1 Receptor blocking drugs that acts as an antiemetic?
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* Maropitant
* Aprepitant |
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MOA of NK-1 Receptor blockers
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Block neurotransmitter neurokinin-1 (which is highly emetic)
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What type of GI drugs do you not use with GI blockage?
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Pro-Kinetics
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5 pro-Kinetics discussed in class
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1. Metoclopramide
2. Cisapride 3. Bethanecol 4. Lidocaine 5. Domperidone |
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MOA of Metoclopramide
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* Dopamine (D2) antagonist
* 5HT-4 agonist * 5HT-3 antagonist |
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Location of action of Metoclopramide
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stomach, early GI
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MOA of Cisapride
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* 5HT-4 agonist
* 5HT-3 antagonist |
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Location of action of Cisapride
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Entire GI tract
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MOA of Bethanecol
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Cholinergic agonist
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Location of action of Bethanecol
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entire GI (and elsewhere b/c non-specific so increased side effects!)
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MOA of Lidocaine
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local anesthetic (sodium channel blocker), but unknown how it increases GI motility
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Location of action of Lidocaine
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non-specific
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MOA of Domperidone
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Dopamine antagonist
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Location of action of Domperidone
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early GI
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What were the three H2 blockers discussed in class that act as acid-suppressant drugs?
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Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine
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Rank the three H2 blockers discussed in class from least to most potent
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1. Cimetidine-least potent
2. Ranitidine 3. Famotidine-most potent |
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What was the proton pump inhibitors discussed in class that act as an acid-suppressant drug?
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Omeprazole
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MOA of Omeprazole (acid-suppressant drug)?
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Inhbits proton pump at luminal surface of parietal cells
** Most potent b/c it can become trapped in acid environment of parietal cell – continues working even after blood levels have declined |
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What type of Acid-Suppressant Drugs are the most potent?
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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What has Omeprazole peen approved for?
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Treatment of GI ulcers in dogs and horses
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MOA of Magnesium hydroxide as an Acid-Suppressant Drug
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Neutralizes acidic pH
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3 categories of Acid-Suppressant Drugs
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1. H2 blockers
2. Proton Pump Inhibitors 3. Magnesium hydroxide |
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What were the 2 protective GI drugs discussed in class?
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1. Misoprosotol
2. Sucralfate |
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MOA of Misoprosotol
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synthetic PGE-1 analog
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Use for Misoprosotol
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Used to prevent ulcers w/chronic NSAID use
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Adverse effects of Misoprosotol
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abortion
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MOA of Sucralfate
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coats stomach, protects from acid
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Use for Sucralfate
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coats edges of ulcers to promote healing, needs acidic env’t to work
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What drugs decrease GI motility?
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Antimuscarinics (Atropine and Glycopyrrolate)
* muscarinic antagonists |
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What type of drugs work to treat diarrhea?
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* Opioids
* Anticholinergic drugs |
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What two opioids are used to treat diarrhea?
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Loperamide (OTC) and Diphenoxylate
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MOA of Loperamide (OTC) and Diphenoxylate to treat diarrhea?
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mu receptor agonists
** Diphenoxylate can cross to CNS; contains atropine to prevent abuse (constipation occurs before high does) |
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What anticholinergic drugs are used to treat diarrhea?
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1. Atropine
2. Glycopyrrolate 3. N-butylscopol-ammonium bromide |
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What were the 5 categories of laxatives and cathartics discussed in class?
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1. Wheat bran
2. Mineral oil – lubricant 3. Stimulant laxatives 4. Magnesium sulfate 5. Docusate – stool softener |
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How does wheat bran affect the GI tract?
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increases fecal bulk and stimulates defecation
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What is commonly used as a saline laxative (increases fecal water)?
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Magnesium sulfate
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What were the three appetite stimulants discussed in class?
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1. Benzodiazepenes
2. Cyproheptadine 3. Mirtazapine |
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MOA of Benzodiazepenes
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GABA agonists
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MOA of Cyproheptadine
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* Anti-serotonin
* Antihistamine * Ca channel blocker |
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MOA of Mirtazapine
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* Alpha2 antagonist
* H2 receptor antagonist (antiemetic) |
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What controlls appetite?
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Controlled by the satiety center in the hypothalamus
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What stimulates appetite?
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GABA
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What inhibits appetite?
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Serotonin
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4 Emetics discussed in class
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1. Hydrogen peroxide
2. Salt 3. Apomorphine 4. Xylazine |
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MOA of Apomorphine
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Mu agonist, stimulate dopamine receptors in CRTZ
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MOA of Xylazine
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alpha 2 agonist
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What species is Xylazine mostly used in?
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Cats
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MOA of Salt and Hydrogen Peroxide as emetics
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direct irritant effects on oropharynx/gastric lining
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