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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 5 drug categories of antiemetics?
1. Antihistamines
2. Phenothiazines
3. Antiserotonins
4. NK-1 Receptor blockers
5. Anticholinergic drugs
What antihistamines can be used as antiemetics?
* Diphenhydramine
* Dimenhydrinate
* Promethazine
What antihistamines can be used as antimetics?
* Diphenhydramine
* Dimenhydrinate
* Promethazine
MOA of Antihistamines as antiemetics
* Block histamine H1 & H2 receptors involved in transmission of vomiting

* Block histamic nerve transmission transmission from CRTZ and vestibular apparatus
Phenothiazines that act as antiemetics
* Chlorpromazine
* Prochlorperazine
* Acepromazine
* Metoclopramide
MOA of Phenothiazines as antiemetics
* Dopamine antagonists in CNS, prevent dopamine from stimulation vomiting in emetic center and CRTZ

* Aplha1 blocker, block receptors in emetic center

* Some block histamic and muscarinic receptors
Anticholinergic drugs that act as antiemetics
* Atropine
* Methscoplamine
* Isopropamide
MOA of Anticholinergic drugs as antiemetics
* Block muscarinic M1-receptor

* Reduce vomiting induced by vestibular stimulation and CRTZ
Antiserotonin drug that acts as an antiemetic?
Ondansetron
MOA of Ondansetron
5-HT3 antagonist (serotonin receptor)
NK-1 Receptor blocking drugs that acts as an antiemetic?
* Maropitant
* Aprepitant
MOA of NK-1 Receptor blockers
Block neurotransmitter neurokinin-1 (which is highly emetic)
What type of GI drugs do you not use with GI blockage?
Pro-Kinetics
5 pro-Kinetics discussed in class
1. Metoclopramide
2. Cisapride
3. Bethanecol
4. Lidocaine
5. Domperidone
MOA of Metoclopramide
* Dopamine (D2) antagonist

* 5HT-4 agonist

* 5HT-3 antagonist
Location of action of Metoclopramide
stomach, early GI
MOA of Cisapride
* 5HT-4 agonist

* 5HT-3 antagonist
Location of action of Cisapride
Entire GI tract
MOA of Bethanecol
Cholinergic agonist
Location of action of Bethanecol
entire GI (and elsewhere b/c non-specific so increased side effects!)
MOA of Lidocaine
local anesthetic (sodium channel blocker), but unknown how it increases GI motility
Location of action of Lidocaine
non-specific
MOA of Domperidone
Dopamine antagonist
Location of action of Domperidone
early GI
What were the three H2 blockers discussed in class that act as acid-suppressant drugs?
Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine
Rank the three H2 blockers discussed in class from least to most potent
1. Cimetidine-least potent
2. Ranitidine
3. Famotidine-most potent
What was the proton pump inhibitors discussed in class that act as an acid-suppressant drug?
Omeprazole
MOA of Omeprazole (acid-suppressant drug)?
Inhbits proton pump at luminal surface of parietal cells

** Most potent b/c it can become trapped in acid environment of parietal cell – continues working even after blood levels have declined
What type of Acid-Suppressant Drugs are the most potent?
Proton Pump Inhibitors
What has Omeprazole peen approved for?
Treatment of GI ulcers in dogs and horses
MOA of Magnesium hydroxide as an Acid-Suppressant Drug
Neutralizes acidic pH
3 categories of Acid-Suppressant Drugs
1. H2 blockers
2. Proton Pump Inhibitors
3. Magnesium hydroxide
What were the 2 protective GI drugs discussed in class?
1. Misoprosotol
2. Sucralfate
MOA of Misoprosotol
synthetic PGE-1 analog
Use for Misoprosotol
Used to prevent ulcers w/chronic NSAID use
Adverse effects of Misoprosotol
abortion
MOA of Sucralfate
coats stomach, protects from acid
Use for Sucralfate
coats edges of ulcers to promote healing, needs acidic env’t to work
What drugs decrease GI motility?
Antimuscarinics (Atropine and Glycopyrrolate)

* muscarinic antagonists
What type of drugs work to treat diarrhea?
* Opioids
* Anticholinergic drugs
What two opioids are used to treat diarrhea?
Loperamide (OTC) and Diphenoxylate
MOA of Loperamide (OTC) and Diphenoxylate to treat diarrhea?
mu receptor agonists

** Diphenoxylate can cross to CNS; contains atropine to prevent abuse (constipation occurs before high does)
What anticholinergic drugs are used to treat diarrhea?
1. Atropine
2. Glycopyrrolate
3. N-butylscopol-ammonium bromide
What were the 5 categories of laxatives and cathartics discussed in class?
1. Wheat bran
2. Mineral oil – lubricant
3. Stimulant laxatives
4. Magnesium sulfate
5. Docusate – stool softener
How does wheat bran affect the GI tract?
increases fecal bulk and stimulates defecation
What is commonly used as a saline laxative (increases fecal water)?
Magnesium sulfate
What were the three appetite stimulants discussed in class?
1. Benzodiazepenes
2. Cyproheptadine
3. Mirtazapine
MOA of Benzodiazepenes
GABA agonists
MOA of Cyproheptadine
* Anti-serotonin
* Antihistamine
* Ca channel blocker
MOA of Mirtazapine
* Alpha2 antagonist
* H2 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)
What controlls appetite?
Controlled by the satiety center in the hypothalamus
What stimulates appetite?
GABA
What inhibits appetite?
Serotonin
4 Emetics discussed in class
1. Hydrogen peroxide
2. Salt
3. Apomorphine
4. Xylazine
MOA of Apomorphine
Mu agonist, stimulate dopamine receptors in CRTZ
MOA of Xylazine
alpha 2 agonist
What species is Xylazine mostly used in?
Cats
MOA of Salt and Hydrogen Peroxide as emetics
direct irritant effects on oropharynx/gastric lining