Pharmacology 2011- Behavior Modifying Drugs

Front 1

What are the 5 groups of behavior modifying drugs?

Back 1

1. Benzodiazepines
2. Azapirones
3. Tricyclic antidepressants
4. Agents affecting Serotonin
5. Agents affecting Monoamine Oxidase

Front 2

What behavior modifying drug(s) are Benzodiazpine Agents?

Back 2

1. Diazepam
2. Clorazepate

Front 3

What behavior modifying drug(s) are Azapirones?

Back 3

1. Buspirone

Front 4

What behavior modifying drug(s) are Tricyclic antidepressants?

Back 4

1. Amitriptyline
2. Clomipramine

Front 5

What behavior modifying drug(s) are agents affecting Serotonin?

Back 5

1. Fluoxetine
2. Paroxetine

Front 6

What behavior modifying drug(s) are agents affecting Monoamine Oxidase?

Back 6

1. Selegiline

Front 7

What is the mechanism of Benzodiazpine Agents?

Back 7

GABA Agonist – binds GABA receptor, increases GABA binding affinity, increases Cl- into cell

Front 8

What is the mechanism of Azapirones?

Back 8

Full agonist at presynaptic and partial at postsynaptic 5HT-1A agonist

Front 9

What is the mechanism of Tricyclic antidepressants?

Back 9

SNRI – blocks serotonin and NE uptake

Front 10

What is the mechanism of agents affecting Serotonin?

Back 10

Inhibits serotonin reuptake

Front 11

What is the mechanism of agents affecting monoamine oxidase?

Back 11

MAO-B antagonist – decreases dopamine metabolism

Front 12

Norepinephrine is a deriverative of what?

Back 12

Tyrosine-derivative

Front 13

What 2 things metabolize norepi?

Back 13

1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

2. Catechol-O-methyl transferse (COMT)

Front 14

What receptors does norepi act on?

Back 14

• Acts on beta-1, alpha-1, alpha-2 receptors (very little activity on beta-2 receptors)

Front 15

What is Dopamine a deriverative of?

Back 15

tyrosine-derivate

Front 16

What 2 things metabolize Dopamine?

Back 16

1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

2. Catechol-O-methyl transferse (COMT)

Front 17

What does Dopamine do to ACh activity?

Back 17

• Dopamine normally suppresses ACh activity: when Dopa receptors are blocked, ACh activity increases

Front 18

What is serotonin a derivative of?

Back 18

Tryptophan-derivative

Front 19

What is ACh synthesized from?

Back 19

choline and acetyl CoA

Front 20

What metabolizes ACh?

Back 20

acetylcholinersterase

Front 21

What is GABA?

Back 21

Major inhibitory NT in CNS

Front 22

What is GABA a derivative of?

Back 22

Glutamate-derivative

Front 23

Monamine theory of depression

Back 23

depression in people is caused by deficiency of monoamine NTs, usually serotonin or Nor

Front 24

What NT cause changes in behavior?

Back 24

* Norepi
* Dopamine
* ACh
* GABA
* Serotonin

Front 25

What are Benzodiazepine agents also referred to as?

Back 25

Anxiolytic drugs = used to treat anxiety

Front 26

What type of drug is Diazepam?

Back 26

Benzodiazepine

Front 27

What is Diazepam used for?

Back 27

•Dogs: used for behavior disorders as sedative, anxiolytic

*** crosses BBB; can be used in emergency situations to treat seizures

•Cats: used to treat urine spraying

Front 28

What is the trade name foe Diazepam?

Back 28

Valium

Front 29

What are some adverse side effects of Diazepam?

Back 29

Tachyphylaxis, tolerance, hepatic necrosis (cats),aggression, anxiety, stimulates appetite in anorexic cats

Front 30

What type of drug is Clorazepate?

Back 30

Benzodiazepine

Front 31

What is Clorazepate metabolized to?

Back 31

Metabolized in acidic stomach to active form of diazepam

Front 32

What type of drug is Buspirone?

Back 32

**Azapirone***

(nonsedating, nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic drug)

Front 33

What is the MOA of Buspirone?

Back 33

* Its an agonist at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5HT1A receptors

(acts as serotonin agonist)

Front 34

What does Buspirone do to Serotonin levels?

Back 34

Drug action can increase or decrease serotonin presence, depending on receptor location

Front 35

What is the main use of Buspirone?

Back 35

used in cats to treat cases of urine spraying (o Does not have an immediate behavioral effect—requires several weeks of administration first)

**Short elimination half-life—administered multiple times per day

Front 36

What type of drugs are Tricyclic anti-depressants (TCAs)?

Back 36

SNRI = selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Front 37

What is the mechanism of a SNRI?

Back 37

inhibit reuptake of serotonin and Nor; alpha1 antagonist

Front 38

What are the general effects of SNRIs?

Back 38

moderate excessive arousal, reduce anxiety, enhance learning, maybe pain relief, Antihistaminic and Anticholinergic

Front 39

How are SNRIs metabolized?

Back 39

extensive metabolism by CYP450 enzyme

Front 40

What are the contraindications with SNRIs?

Back 40

don’t use with patients with glaucoma or keratoconjunctivitis

Front 41

What side effects can be seen with SNRIs?

Back 41

mild sedation, GI upset, dry mouth, constipation, fatal cardiac arrhythmias, lower seizure thresh hold

Front 42

What type of drug is Amitriptyline?

Back 42

Tricyclic anti-depressants (SNRI)

Front 43

What is Amitriptyline used for in horses?

Back 43

behavioral calming

Front 44

What is Amitriptyline used for in dogs?

Back 44

seperation anxiety

Front 45

What is Amitriptyline used for in cats?

Back 45

psychogenic alopecia, Urine spraying

Front 46

What is MOA of Amitriptyline?

Back 46

Block re-uptake of 5HT and norepinephrine

Front 47

Which drug is the most selective of drug class in blocking serotonin (5HT) reuptake?

Back 47

Clompramine

Front 48

What type of drug is Clompramine?

Back 48

Tricyclic anti-depressants (SNRI)

Front 49

What are contraindications of using Clompramine?

Back 49

patients with hyperparathyroidism; don’t coadminister with MAOIs

Front 50

What are adverse side effects of Clompramine?

Back 50

* Anorexia, emesis, diarrhea, elevation of liver enzymes, sedation/lethargy/depression

* May lower seizure threshold

* Anticholinergic effects: decreased GI motility, urinary retention, cardiac arrhythmias, increased intraocular P


**Cats are more susceptible to the anticholinergic and sedation effects than dogs

Front 51

What is SSRI?

Back 51

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)-Block reuptake of serotonin

Front 52

Why are SSRIs used in dogs?

Back 52

Seperation anxiety, compulsive disorders, dominance or impulsive aggression

Front 53

Why are SSRIs used in cats?

Back 53

aggression, inappropriate urination and spraying, excessive grooming, anxiety, aggression

Front 54

Why are SSRIs used in horses?

Back 54

decreased libido, not approved

Front 55

What are adverse side effects of SSRIs?

Back 55

GI upset, sedation, agitation, irritability, insomnia,anorexia

Front 56

What type of drug is Fluoxetine?

Back 56

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Front 57

Why is Fluoxetine used in dogs?

Back 57

Compulsion, aggression, seperation anxiety (FDA)

Front 58

Why is Fluoxetine used in cats?

Back 58

Psychogenic alopecia, Urine spraying. aggression

Front 59

Why is Fluoxetine used in polar bears?

Back 59

pacing

Front 60

Why is Fluoxetine used in horses?

Back 60

Banned in racehorses

Front 61

What are the contraindications with Fluoxetine?

Back 61

patients with diabetes mellitus, patients with epilepsy or seizures; don’t give with drugs that lower seizure threshold

Front 62

What are the adverse effects of Fluoxetine?

Back 62

inappetence, lethargy, vomiting

Front 63

What type of drug is Paroxetine?

Back 63

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

(Not as good of efficacy as fluoxetine)

Front 64

Why is Paroxetine used in dogs?

Back 64

compulsions, aggression

Front 65

Why is Paroxetine used in cats?

Back 65

generalized anxiety, aggression, compulsion

Front 66

What are adverse effects of paroxetine?

Back 66

Dry mouth, constipation

Front 67

What is an MAOI?

Back 67

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Front 68

What is the MOA of MAOIs?

Back 68

They inhibit the intracellular cellular enzyme MAO which inhibits catabolism of intracellular monoamine NT (i.e. serotonin, dopamine, Nor)

* There is an increase in presence/action of monoamines

Front 69

What is the difference between MAO A and B?

Back 69

• MAO subtype A: affects serotonin, dopamine, Nor, tyramine; found in intestine and CNS


•MAO subtype B: affects phenylethylamine, dopamine

Front 70

What type of drug is Selegiline?

Back 70

Inhibits Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAOI)

Front 71

What does Seleginine cause an increase in?

Back 71

-Increases serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, tyramine


(Can inhibit catecholamines)

Front 72

What is Selegiline FDA approved for in dogs?

Back 72

canine cognitive dysfunction and canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticocism (Cushing’s Disease)

Front 73

What animals is Selegiline not used in?

Back 73

* Not approved in horses

* Do not use in aggressive animals

Front 74

What type of drugs should Selegiline not be used with?

Back 74

Don’t give with drugs that increase serotonin