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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Foxglove Plant
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Grows in Canada and can kill you as it contains lethal poison
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Daffodils
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Are posionous because they contain Galanthamine (anticholinesterase) that affects the nervous system
It is also an excellent insecticides |
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Lily of the Valley
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Contains a cardiotoxin
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Oleander
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swallowing one leaf can kill you similiar to digitalis
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Caster bean
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Has Ricin which is a powerful toxin.
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Ricin
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Is part of a family toxins that contain 2 seperate units that are linked together by disulphide linkage
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A subunit
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Enzymatically active toxin that kills the cell
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B subunit
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allows toxins to travel inside the cell
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What are people specifically concerned about castor beans
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they can be used in biological warfare
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3 Natural Toxins
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Phytotoxins
Mycotoxins Animal Toxins |
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Phytotoxins
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are plant toxins
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Mycotoxins
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Fungi and algae toxins
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Animal toxins include
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bite by snake or spider
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Synthetic Toxins
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Computers
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Sources of exposure from pollution
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air water and soil
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Routes of exposure for pollution
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Respiration absorption and ingestion
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Environent affects potential absorption
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Water turbidity the nature of the clay ph of the water affect howa toxin settles in the water
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BIOMAGNIFICATION
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CONCENTRATION OF DDT IN THE FOOD CHAIN INCREASES AS THE ORGANISM GETS BIGGER
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TWO FUNCTIONS FOR TOXICOLOGY
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STUDY THE NATIRE AND MECHANISM OF ADVERSE EFFECTS (BASIC) SCIENCE
aSSESS THE LIKELIHOOD OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS (RISK ASSESSMENT) |
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ACUTE TOXICITY VS CHRONIC
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SHORT TERM DANGEROUS EFFECT VS LONGTERM DANGEROUS EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO THE TOXIN
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ETHANOL ACUTE TOXICITY
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CNS DEPRESSION
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ETHANOL CHRONIC TOXICITY
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LIVER CIRRHOSIS
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ARSENIC ACUTE TOXICITY
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GASTROINTESTINAL DAMAGE
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ARSENIC CHRONIC TOXICITY
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SKIN/LIVER CANCER
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LD50
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LETHAL DOSE THAT KILLS 50 % OF THE PEOPLE EXPOSED
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EVALUATING SAFETY
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THERAPEUTIC INDEX
LD50/ED50 |
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LD50
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LETHAL DOSE FOR 50 %
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ED50
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EFFECTIVE DOSE FOR 50% OF THE POPULATION
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MARGIN OF SAFETY
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LD01/ED99
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LD01/ED99
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COMPARE DOSE THAT KILLS 1% OF THE POPULATION TO DOES THATS EFFECTIVE IN 99% OF POPULATION
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CARCINOGENS
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THERE IS NO SAfe dose
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HORMESIS
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IS IN THE CASE OF A VITAMIN WHERE IS YOU HAVE LOW DOSE IS NEGATIVE AS WELL AS HIGH DOSE IT IS NEGATIVE
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LOAEL
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LOWEST OBSERVED ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL
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NOAEL
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NO OBSERVED ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL
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COHORT STUDIES
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A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WITH EXPOSURE TO A CHEMICAL AND A GROUP WITHOUT EXPOSURE ARE FOLLOWED OVER TIME TO COMPARE DISEASE OCCURANCES
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PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY PROS
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MOST ACCURATE CAN MONITOR AND CONTROL VARIABLES =BEST QUALITY OF DATA
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PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY CONS
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EXPENSIVE AND TIME CONSUMING
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RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY PROS
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CHEAP, EASIER FORMULATION OF DATA,
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RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY CONS
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DATA IS NOT A RELIABLE AS YOU ARE FORCED TO RELY ON PEOPLES MEMORY
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CASE CONTROL STUDIES
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INDIVIDUALS WITH A DISEASE ARE COMPARED WITH SIMILAR INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT THE DISEASE TO DETERMINE IF THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION OF THE DISEASE PRIOR TO EXPOSURE TO AN AGENT
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CROSS-SECTONAL STUDIES
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THE PREVALENCE OF THE DISEASE AMONG ONE OR MORE EXPOSED GROUPS LIKE COAL MINERS AND LUNG CANCER
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
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THE INCIDENCE OF A DISEASE IN ONE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA IS COMPARED TO THAT OF ANOTHER AREA
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ODDS RATIO
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O/R=2 MEANS THAT PEOPLE EXPOSED ARE TWICE AS LIKELY TO GET THE DISEASE
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sTANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIO
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THE RELATIVE RISK OF DEATH BASED ON COMPARISON OF AN EXPOSED GROUP TO NON EXPOSED GROUP
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AN SMR=150
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INDICATES THAT 50 PERCENT ARE AT GREATER RISK
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RELATIVE RISK
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THE RATIO EXPRESSING THE OCCURANCE OF DISEASE IN AN EXPOSED POPULATION TO THAT OF AN UNEXPOSED POPULATION
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RR=175
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INDICATED THAT THERE IS A 75% INCREASE IN RISK
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Lead is more harmful to kids or adults
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Kids are more harmful to the effects of lead
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Damages the nervous system
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Lead
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Lead comes from many sources ....
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soil plant glazed pottery pipes,toys
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Early symptoms of lead poisoning
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Fatigue,headaches, irritability,metallic taste; uneasy stomach, poor appetite, weight loss,reproductive problems
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later symptoms of lead poisoning
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memory problems,nausea,kidney problems,weight loss,constipation,weak wrist and ankles
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where is lead stored
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bone
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even after exposure to lead and blood concentration drops
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the lead can take long time for elimination as it is stored in bone .
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lead poisoning has decreased over the years primarily dut to the decrease in.....what?
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leaded gasoline
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Methyl mercury
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is the more common build up in the environment
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Often builds up in fish due to biomagnification which is then eaten by humans
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shit
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Cyclical problems of mercury
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natural mercury leaches out from rocks
anthropogenic mercury human generated mainly from coal energy generating plants |
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DDT effects on insects
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Works on voltage gated sodium channels
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Voltage gated sodium channel
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interferes with its opening and closing . open but does not close properly so the NA channels stays open longer
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Oragnoclorines
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DDT lindane still used
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Lindane
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acts on both soidum channels and GABA receptors
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Lindane is effective for what specifically
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LICE
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Chlordane
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i used against termites
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Organoclorine toxicity
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COnvulsions
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Pyrethoids
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Found in plants and have insectiside properties and can biodegrade quickly
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Organophosphates
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least toxic to mammals because they have ensymes to rapidly metabolize it
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Anti-cholinesterase
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blocks ability to break down acetylcholine causing problems for the nervous system and neuromuscular junction death from resp failure
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