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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epinephrine is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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alpha, beta1, beta 2
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Norepinephrine is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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alpha, beta1
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Phenylephrine is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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alpha
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Isoproterenol is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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beta1, beta2
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Dobutamine is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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beta1
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Albuterol is an agonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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beta2
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Phentolamine is an antagonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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alpha
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Prazosin is an antagonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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alpha1
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Metaprolol is an antagonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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beta1
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Propanolol is an antagonist for what adrenergic receptors?
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beta1, beta2
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What is bioavailability?
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Fraction or % of administered dose that's actually absorbed in a form capable of causing effects.
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What is a depot?
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Place where drugs tend to accumulate and be stored. e.g.: fat tissue, bones
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What is a barrier?
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A structure that limits or prevents diffusion of drugs... e.g.: the placental barrier, blood-brain barrier
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What is metabolism?
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Converting molecules of a chemical into one or more other chemicals.
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What are some examples of neurotransmitters?
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Norepinephrine, acetylcholine
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What are some examples of hormones?
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Adrenaline, insulin, thyroid hormone
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What is ED50?
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The dose of an agonist that causes 50% of the maximum possible response in a given individual.
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The ANS effects what?
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Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and exocrine glands.
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What are the neurotransmitters and hormones of the ANS?
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ACh, NE, DA; EPI
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What are the functions of the PNS?
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Homeostasis, all activity is via parasympathetic nerves and ACh
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What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Mainly cardiovascular function; BP, "fight or flight", stress
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What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?
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Nicotinic and muscarinic
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Parasympathetic ___ HR?
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Decreases
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Sympathetic ___ HR?
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Increases
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Most blood vessels and most sweat glands are innervated by what?
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SNS
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What nerves regulate how strongly the heart contracts?
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SNS
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Airway/bronchial smooth muscle is innervated by what?
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PNS
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Nerves that synthesize and release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter are what?
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Adrenergic nerves
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Which nerves in the PNS are cholinergic?
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Pre and postganglionic nerves, sweat glands, somatic nerves
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the eye?
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Miosis; contraction of ciliary muscle
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the bronchi?
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Bronchoconstriction
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the heart?
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Decrease HR (decrease SA node firing)
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the arterioles?
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Dilation
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the GI tract?
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contraction of muscles; increase motility, relax sphincters, increase gastric acid secretion
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the bladder?
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Detrusor contracts, sphincter relaxes
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What is the response to muscarinic receptor activation in the salivary, lacrimal, mucus, sweat glands?
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Increase secretions
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What is Bethanechol used for?
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Tx. of functional urinary retention
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What are CI of Bethanechol?
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Asthma, severe bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, peptic ulcer disease, obstruction of either gut or urinary tract
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What do antimuscarinics do to the eye?
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Dilate pupil
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Antimuscarinics are used for treatment of what?
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Bowel/urine hypermotility; bradycardia; Parkinson's
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What are the CI of antimuscarinics?
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Glaucoma, asthma, heart, constipation, weak bladder
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What are AChEIs used for?
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Tx. of myasthenia gravis, glaucoma
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What is myasthenia gravis?
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Skeletal muscle weakness, fatigue, paralysis from inadequate stimulation by ACh
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What are sympathomimetic drugs?
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They cause effects that mimic what you'd see if the SNS were physiologically activated
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What do MAO inhibitors do?
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Decrease NE breakdown, increase NE levels in nerve ending, and decrease NE release
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What do MAO do?
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Metabolizes NE
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What are the three main types of sympathomimetic drugs?
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Direct-acting agonists, indirect-acting, mixed-acting
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What are the main postsynaptic adrenergic receptors?
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alpha1, beta1, beta2
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What is the alpha response in the eye?
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Mydriasis/dilation
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What is the alpha response in most arterioles?
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Constriction
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What is the alpha response in mucus, lacrimal glands?
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Decrease secretion as a result of decrease mucosal blood flow (vasoconstriction)
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What is the beta1 response in the heart?
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Increase HR, contractility
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What is the beta1 response in the kidneys?
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Release of renin
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What is the beta2 response in the airway smooth muscles?
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Relaxation
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What is the beta2 response in the large arterioles/veins?
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Relaxation
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What is the beta2 response in the liver, fat cells?
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Increase release of glucose, lipids, into bloodstream
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What is the beta2 response in the B-cells of pancreas?
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Increase insulin release
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What is the beta2 response in the uterus?
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Relaxation
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The main uses of epinephrine are for the treatment of what? (5)
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Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, glaucoma, vasoconstrictor, in asthma inhalers for B-2 bronchodilation
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What are the SE/CI of epinephrine? (5)
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Tachycardia, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, narrow angle glaucoma, diabetes
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The main uses of NE are for what? (2)
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Vasopressor and cardiac stimulant to treat cardiogenic shock
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NE ____ BP?
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Increases BP
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The main uses of phenylephrine are for the treatment of what? (3)
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Hypotension, nasal decongestant, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
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Beta1/2 agonist Isoproterenol is used for what?
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Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction
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Beta1 agonist Dobutamine is used for what?
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Acute heart failure
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Beta2 agonist Albuterol is used for what?
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Acute or chronic asthma, COPD, preterm labor
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What is curare?
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A muscle relaxant that blocks cholinergic transmission
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What are some properties of neuromuscular blockers? (4)
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Given IV, paralyze skeletal muscle by altering normal activation of N receptors by ACh released from somatic nerves, no effect on sensory functions, lethal if not used properly
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What are the main uses of nondepolarizing blockers?
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For skeletal muscle paralysis, intubation/ventilation
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What are the two main classes of neuromuscular blockers?
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Nondepolarizing ("curare"), depolarizing (succinylcholine)
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What does curare do?
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It competitively blocks nicotinic receptors so skeletal muscle can't be activated by normal levels of ACh
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What does succinylcholine (ANECTINE) do?
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Intensely, instantaneously activates nicotinic receptors
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What kind of drug is pseudoephedrine/ephedrine?
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Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetic
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What do Mixed-acting sympathomimetics do?
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Alpha, beta receptor stimulation and release NE from adrenergic nerves
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What is pseudoephedrine used for?
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Oral decongestant for colds, allergies.
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What is ephedrine used for?
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CNS stimulant and weight loss aid
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What is tachyphylaxis?
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Developing a tolerance to a drug after just a few doses
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What do MAOIs do?
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They inhibit the metabolism of NE
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What are some uses for alpha blockers? (5)
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Hypertension, peripheral vascular disease (Reynaud's), frostbite, acute heart failure, pheochromocytoma
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What is pheochromocytoma?
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A tumor, usually of the adrenal medulla, that secretes a lot of EPI
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Alpha blockers cause vaso____ and BP to ____?
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dilation and decrease
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What is the main use of prazosin?
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Oral therapy for long-term management of hypertension.
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Beta blockers are used to treat what? (7)
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Hypertension, angina pectoris, mild-moderate heart failure, tachycardia, glaucoma, migrane, hyperthyroidism
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What is epinephrine used for?
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Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, glaucoma, vasoconstriction, increase BP, increase HR
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What are side effects of epinephrine? (5)
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Hypothyroidism, tachycardia, hypertension, narrow angle glaucoma, diabetes
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What are the main effects of norepinephrine?
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IV vasopressor, cardiac stimulant, vasoconstriction, increase BP, decrease HR
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What is dobutamine used for?
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Acute heart failure, increase HR, increase rate of SA node, increase contractility
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What is isoprotenal used for? (7)
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Bradycardia, AV blockage, bronchoconstriction, cardiogenic shock, increase HR, increase heart output, increase BP
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What is a side effect of isoprotenol
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Tachycardia
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What is phenylephrine used for?
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IV/topical, hypotension, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, decrease HR, decrease BP
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What is albuterol used for?
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Chronic/acute asthma, COPD
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What does phentolamine do?
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Inhibits vasoconstriction
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What is phentolamine used for? (6)
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Hypertension, hypervasoconstriction, "Renaud's", exovasation, frostbite, increases secretions
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What is a side effect of phentolamine?
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Tachycardia
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What does prazosin do?
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Inhibits vasoconstriction
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What is prazosin used for?
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Hypertension
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What are side effects of prazosin?
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Asthma, tachycardia
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What does propanolol do?
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Decreases HR, decreases contractility of heart
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What is propanolol used for?
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Hypertension, angina, mild-moderate heart failure, tachycardia, MI patients
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What are side effects of propanolol?
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Asthma, diabetes, bradycardia
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