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84 Cards in this Set
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What is an anticonvulsant?
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A drug that decreases chance or onset of convulsions.
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Seizure
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*Altered brain function
With: - loss of consciousness - increased muscle tone or movement. - altered sensations |
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Define Convulsion
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*Spastic muscle movement
caused by stimulation of motor nerves in brain or spinal cord. |
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What are the causes of convulsions (seizures)? (9)
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1. hypoxia
2. hypoglycemia 3. hypocalcemia 4. toxicity 5. encephalitis 6. hydrocephalus 7. neoplasia 8. parasitism 9. Epilepsy |
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Define Epilepsy
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Recurring seizures.
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Define Idiopathic Epilepsy?
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Unknown cause of seizures
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Define Status Epilepticus?
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*Continuous or prolonged seizure activity.
Life threatening DUE TO HYPERTHERMIA! |
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Seizure phases? (3)
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1. Preictal
2. Ictal 3. Postictal |
Ictus
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Preictal?
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*"Aura"
*Before the seizure. *lasts minutes to hours. Symptoms: Panting & apprehension. |
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Define Ictal
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"ictus"
Seizure itself. |
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Define Postictal
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After the seizure.
confusion, weakness, blind. |
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What are the two types of seizures?
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1. Partial Seizure
2. Generalized Seizures |
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Define Partial Seizure.
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*Absence seizure
- Staring spell |
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Define Generalized Seizure
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*Affects the entire brain
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How do you diagnosis?
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Rule out possibilities. HX
Brain trauma Insecticides parasites heavy metal organ dysfunction inherited epilepsy |
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What are the treatment options for seizures?
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Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital Diazepam Potassium Bromide Primidone Phenytoin Levetiracetam Zonisamide |
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Drug of choice for long term control of seizures?
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Phenobarbital
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Phenobarbital decreases the _____________ & the _____________ of seizures?
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frequency & severity
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Phenobarbital is metabolized by _____________ & excreted by the ____________?
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Liver enzymes & kidneys
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1. When should you collect blood on an animal prescribed phenobarbital?
2. What tube should you use? 3. Which should you not use and why? |
1. 4-6 hours post pill
2. RTT 3. SST 4. Gel absorbs drug. |
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Side effects of Phenobarbital
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*Sedation & Ataxia
- should diminish after 2-3wks of therapy. *Polyphagia *PU/PD *Elevation of ALT & ALP - RARE *Hyperexcitable - Idiosyncratic, uncommon |
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Short acting drugs to treat seizures?
(Drug Category) |
Barbiturates
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1. Pentobarbital controls seizures in ____________.
2. Pentobarbital Trade name? |
1. Seizures in progress.
2. Nembutal |
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Drug of choice for emergency treatment of status epilepticus?
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1. Diazepam (Valium)
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Benzodiazepine drug to treat seizures?
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Diazepam
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Potassium Bromide is used when ____________ alone is not effective.
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Phenobarbital
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Potassium Bromide requires how many months to reach equilibrium?
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3-5 months
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1. Potassium Bromide has a ____________ therapeutic index.
2. Therapeutic dose is close to what dose? |
1. Narrow
2. Toxic dose |
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Potassium Bromide CANNOT be used in what species? Why?
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Cats! Causes Bronchitis!
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1. Primidone is not used as much as the drug ____________.
2. Why? 3. Possible side effect? |
1. Phenobarbital
2. Primidone is metabolized into phenobarbital 3. Liver failure |
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Mylepsin is the trade name for what drug?
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Primidone
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Dilantin is the trade name for what drug?
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Phenytoin
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What drug is poorly absorbed by dogs?
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Phenytoin
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Phenytoin is used with what drug?
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Primidone
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Phenytoin causes what syndrome?
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Purple Glove Syndrome (PGS)
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1. Keppra has minimal ___________ effects.
2. And decreased ___________ metabolism. |
1. sedative
2. hepatic |
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Zonisamide is the trade name for what drug?
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Zonegran
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Zonegran is used to treat _____________ seizures in dogs?
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refractory
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Zonegran can be used with which 2 drugs?
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Phenobarbital or potassium bromide
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ph OR po
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TRUE OR FALSE:
Zonegran is experimental in dogs. |
FALSE....
Experimental in CATS. |
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Behavioral Meds used as aids in? (4)
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1. Fears and phobias
2. Separation anxiety 3. Compulsive disorders 4. Age related disorders |
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Are drugs alone enough to fix behavioral problems?
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NO!
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"Duration of Treatment" = ?
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Duration of "misbehavior"
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Informed consent is needed when?
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*Using human drugs on animals
(off label use for many behavior drugs) |
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Neurotransmitters include? (5)
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GABA
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine |
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Types of behavioral drugs? (3)
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Antipsychotic
Antidepressant Anxiolytics |
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Antipsychotic drugs are what type of drugs?
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Major tranquilizers
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What do antidepressants do for the patient?
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Elevate mood
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Anxiolytics decrease?
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Anxiety and fear
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Antipsychotic drugs are useful in reducing what?
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Fear
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1. Antipsychotics - Phenothiazines block what?
2. What do they affect? |
1. Block Dopamine receptors
2. Emotional behaviors |
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Antipsychotics (major tranquilizers) are what type of drug?
Give 2 examples |
Phenothiazines
Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine |
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Side effects of Antipsychotics (Phenothiazines)?
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*Decreased interest in environment
*Increased aggression - Blocks learned adaptive behaviors |
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What are the three classes of Antidepressants?
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1. TCA's - Tricyclic Antidepressants
2. SSRI's - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 3. MAOI's - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
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What are 2 TCA drugs?
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*Amitriptyline (Elavil)
*Clomipramine (Clomicalm) |
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Uses for TCA's?
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*Generalized anxiety disorders
*Separation Anxiety *Inappropriate urination in cats *Excessive grooming in cats & birds *OCD in dogs *Decrease aggressive behaviors |
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TCA's may lower what?
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Seizure threshold
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TCA's should be used with caution in patients with?
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*Decreased GI mobility
*Urinary retention *Cardiac arrhythmias/blocks *Glaucoma *Hyperthyroid/receiving thyroid supplementation - Increased risk for arrhythmias |
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Adverse effects of TCA's?
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*Anorexia
*Vomiting/Diarrhea *Elevated liver enzymes *Sedation/lethargy/depression *Dry mouth |
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TCA's cannot be mixed with what 2 types of drugs?
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MAOI's or SSRI's
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Clomipramine is used for?
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*OCD
*Male dominance aggression *Fearful aggression, noise phobias & separation anxiety |
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Amitriptyline is used for?
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*Anxiety
*Spraying in cats *Treatment of Pruritis or chronic pain of neuropathic origin |
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SSRI's are specific for?
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Serotonin
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SSRI drugs include? (3)
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*Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
*Sertraline (Zoloft) *Paroxetine (Paxil) |
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What are SSRI's used for?
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*Canine aggression
*OCD *Anxiety *Inappropriate elimination in cats |
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Most common adverse reactions for SSRI's?
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*Calm or Lethargy
*Reduced appetite *Vomiting/Diarrhea *Shaking *Restlessness/insomnia *Excessive vocalization *Aggression *Seizures |
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How long should you wait after removing patient from Reconcile to start a new drug?
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6 weeks
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Name the MAOI drug
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Anipryl (Selegiline)
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MAOI (Anipryl - Selegiline) is used in what species?
Used for what? |
*Dogs
*Pituitary - dependent cushings syndrome *Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS = Dog alzheimer's) |
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Anipryl (Selegiline) has what 2 out of 3 metabolites?
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Amphetamine & Methamphetamine
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Anipryl (Selegiline) has high abuse potential in?
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Racing horses
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Anipryl (Selegiline) adverse effects?
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*Vomiting/Diarrhea
*Restlessness *Lethargy *Salivation *Anorexia *Diminished hearing/deafness |
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What do Anxiolytics do?
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Reduce Anxiety
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Anxiolytic drugs are? (2)
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*benzodiazepines
*azopirones |
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Name the 4 Anxiolytic drugs
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*Diazepam (Valium)
*Clonazepam (Valpax) *Lorazepam (Ativan) *Alprazolam (Xanax) |
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Name the Anxiolytic, Azopirone drug
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Buspirone (Buspar)
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When giving oral form... What species do you use only Valium, not generic diazepam?
Why? |
*Cats
*May cause irreversible liver failure |
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Benzodiazepines are used to treat?
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*Fear
*Aggression *Separation Anxiety *Spraying in cats *Compulsive disorders *Appetite stimulant *Psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis in cats |
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What is Buspirone used for?
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Anxiety
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NEW PRODUCTS:
Anxitane Common name? |
*Suntheanine
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Novifit is used for?
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*Sustaining processes most affected by aging
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Neutricks has what protein?
Used for? |
*Jellyfish
*To replace natural calcium-binding proteins that diminish with age. |
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Progestins -
1. Ovaban is used for what species? 2. Depo-Provera is used for what species? |
1. Ovaban = Cats
2. Depo-Provera = Cats&Dogs -Cats: Psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis -Dogs: Aggressive male behaviors |
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Adverse effects of Progestins?
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*Adrenocortical suppression
*Adrenal atrophy *DM, PU/PD, Weight gain *Lethargy *Mammary enlargement/neoplasia *Personality changes *Pyometritis, Endometritis *NEWER AND SAFER DRUGS ARE AVAILABLE |
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