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52 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the three principles of pharmacology |
1. Pharmaceutic 2. Pharmacokinetic 3. Pharmacodynamic |
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What is the pharmaceutic phase |
- First phase of drug action - dissolution of drug - faster dissolution in acid - slower absorption in alkaline |
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What is the pharmacokinetic phase and what are the four processes in the correct order |
Process of drug movement to achieve drug action AD.ME 1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism (biotransformation) 4. Excretion (elimination) |
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What is the absorption step in pharmacokinetic phase |
Movement of drug particles from GI system to body fluids by passive and active transport and pinocytosis |
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What is passive diffusion of absorption in pharmacokinetic phase |
Major process through which drugs are absorbed. Greater concentration of drug through membrane to lower concentration. Requires no energy |
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What is active transport of absorption in pharmacokinetic phase |
Process uses energy to actively move molecules across the cell membrane. More common in drug excretion in the kidney than absorption of drug |
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What is pinocytosis of absorption in pharmacokinetic phase |
Engulfing or ingestion of drug into cell by "budding" of cell membrane |
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What based drug are destroyed in the GI tract by digestive enzymes? What are two examples |
Protein based drugs 1. Insulin 2. Growth hormone |
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What based drug is absorbed faster in the GI track and why |
Lipid soluble drugs absorbs faster due to GI membrane being composed of lipids |
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Water soluble drugs need what to pass through what membrane |
Water soluble drugs need a protein or enzyme carrier to pass through the GI membrane |
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What are some factors that affect absorption of a drug |
1. Blood flow circulation 2. Ability of drug to dissolve 3. Route of administration 4. Body surface area 5. Lipid soluble 6. pH |
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What is the "first past effect" of absorption in pharmacokinetic phase |
Phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced by the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation |
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Taking into account the "first pass effect", what does this imply for oral drug dosing |
Dosing for oral drugs can be considerably higher than recommended dose for Parental drugs |
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What is the bioavailability of absorption in pharmacokinetic phase |
The amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation to be absorption |
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In bioavailability, what can happen if there is a high availability or low availability of a drug |
High availability - can lead to drug toxicity if absorbed fast
Low availability - can lead to less than therapeutic level if absorbed slowly |
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What is distribution in pharmacokinetic phase |
Process where drugs become available to body fluids and body tissues |
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What influences distribution in pharmacokinetic phase |
1. Blood flow 2. Permeability of tissue or membrane 3. Protein binding effect |
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What is the protein binding effect |
When drugs bind to proteins for transportation. However, drug cannot pass through membranes with protein carrier. Drug must break away from protein to be available (free drug). |
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What issues will prevent a patient to have full success with drug distribution |
1. Liver disease 2. Renal disease 3. Malnourished |
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Why would someone with liver or renal disease or malnourish have an issue with drug distribution |
They may cause no or low albumin levels equating to less protein binding sites. This leads to more free-drug and possible drug toxicity |
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Where is the main site of biotransformation metabolism in pharmacokinetic phase and what does it do |
Everything absorbed from GI tract first enters the liver. It detoxifies many chemicals and uses others to produce needed enzymes and structures |
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What is biotransformation in pharmacokinetic phase |
Process by which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals |
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What is half-life and where does it mostly occur? |
Occuring mostly in the liver, half life is the time it takes for the amount of a drug in the body to decrease to one half the peak level it previously had. |
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What is the time of a drug that is considered short half-life or long half-life |
Short half-life 4 - 8 hours Long Half-Life 24+ hours |
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What is the point of knowing a drugs half life |
To keep a steady state of the drug in the patient's system |
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Aspirin has a half life of 3 hours. 650 milligrams of aspirin was given to a patient. What is the life of aspirin after 3 hours? |
162.5 mg
650 mg first past 325 mg return into circulation 162.5 mg after 3 hours |
Every time drug goes through liver in half itself |
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What is excretion in pharmacokinetic phase |
Removal of a drug from the body |
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What organ plays the most important role in drug excretion |
Kidneys |
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What are the routes used to excrete drugs |
1. Skin 2. Saliva 3. Bile 4. Lungs 5. Feces |
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What lab should be monitored to see how well a drug is excreted out of the body and why |
Creatinine clearance because this is the test to see how well kidneys are performing. |
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What is pharmacodynamics |
Study of drug concentration and its effect on the body |
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What is the primary effect of pharmacodynamic phase. |
Desirable or therapeutic effect.
Ex: Benadryl for allergy, Digoxin to slow heart rate |
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What is the secondary effect of pharmacodynamic phase |
Desirable or undesirable effect Ex: Benadryl causes sleepiness, Digoxin causes diuresis |
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What is drug maximal efficacy |
Amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect. All drugs have a maximal efficacy |
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In terms of maximal efficacy, what does the onset of a drug tell us |
Minimum effective concentration after drug administration |
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In terms of maximal efficacy, what does the peak of a drug tell us |
Highest blood or plasma concentration |
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In terms of maximal efficacy, what does the duration of a drug tell us |
Length of time the drug has pharmacologic effect |
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What is the receptor site Theory |
Receptor sites react with certain chemicals to cause and effect within the cell. In most situations, enzymes break down chemicals and open receptor site for further stimulation "Right key in right lock" |
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Explain how agonist interaction with a receptor site on a cell works |
Molecules of a drug react with specific receptor sites on cells of organs and change the cell's activity due to better chemical-cell linkage fitment |
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Explain how antagonist interaction with a receptor site on a cell works |
Chemicals either compete for receptor sites on a cell or act on different receptor sites on a cell that inhibits other chemicals to bind to cell receptors |
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What does the therapeutic index measure |
Estimates a drugs margin of safety |
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What is a low and high therapeutic index indicate |
Low therapeutic index = narrow margin of safety, high danger of toxic effect High therapeutic index = wide margin of safety, low danger of toxic effect |
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What does the therapeutic window or range measure |
Measure drug concentration in the plasma |
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What should a drugs therapeutic window or range be between to obtain desired drug action |
Minimum effective concentration and minimum toxic concentration |
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Define peak and trough |
Peak - highest plasma concentration of a drug have a specific time (blood draw) Trough - lowest plasma concentration of drug. Measures drug elimination rate |
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How is peak and trough to be obtained |
Blood drawn for peak is right after dose is completed. Blood drawn for trough is just before dose is to be administered |
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What is the purpose of peak and trough and what type of drug is it mostly performed on |
To achieve therapeutic effect, mostly on antibiotics |
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Define loading dose |
Use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow drug to reach therapeutic concentration sooner |
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Define synergistic |
When some drugs are given together to achieve greater effectiveness |
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What is drug incompatibility |
An undesirable reaction between a drug and solution, material (Ex. IV lines), or another drug |
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What is medication reconciliation |
The formal process of obtaining and verifying a complete and accurate list of each patient's current medication. Matching medications that should be prescribed to those that are actually prescribe |
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Define cumulative effect |
Repeated administration of drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by first dose |
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