Pharmaceutics Ii: Lecture 5 Objectives

Front 1

What are semisolid preparations intendded for external application to the skin or mucous membranes?

Back 1

Ointments

Front 2

What are ointments with a high content of solid (~ 25%)?

Back 2

Pastes

Front 3

What are the characteristics of a paste?

Back 3

solids help to form matrix, good proctective barriers, good absorbent

Front 4

What is an ointment that makes the skin more pliable?

Back 4

emollient

Front 5

What does an ointment do to prevent harmful substance from coming in contact with the skin?

Back 5

act as a protective barrier

Front 6

What does an ointment do to promote the retention of water in the skin by forming a hydrophobic barrier that prevents the evaporation of moisture from within the skin?

Back 6

act as an occlusive

Front 7

What causes water to be retained because of its hygroscopic properties?

Back 7

humectants (ointments)

Front 8

What are the four classifications of ointments?

Back 8

oleaginous or hydrocarbon base, absorption base, water-removable base, water-soluble base

Front 9

What is yellow petrolatum?

Back 9

vaseline

Front 10

What is white petrolatum?

Back 10

White vaseline

Front 11

What is yellow ointment?

Back 11

yellow wax and petrolatum

Front 12

What is white ointment?

Back 12

white wax and white petrolatum

Front 13

What are the three types of oleaginous bases for ointments?

Back 13

petrolatum, synthetic esters (glyceryl monosterates, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, long chain alcohols), lanolin derivatives (used in cosmetics)

Front 14

What are the characteristics of absorption bases?

Back 14

insoluble in water but can absorb water; can include oil soluble and water soluble medications; greasy and not washable in water, emollient, occlusive

Front 15

What are hydrocarbon bases with water and oil surfactant?

Back 15

anyhydrous absorption bases

Front 16

What are examples of anhydrous absorption bases?

Back 16

wool fat, hydrophilic petrolatum (aquafor/aquabase), lanolin (wool of sheep fat) - all can form water in oil emulsions

Front 17

Cold cream, hydro cream, hydrous lanolin, and rose water are examples of what?

Back 17

water in oil emulsions (hydrocarbon base, water, water oil surfactant)

Front 18

What is the main composition of cold cream?

Back 18

wax, mineral oil, sodium borate, water

Front 19

What are water-removable bases / emulsion bases / cream bases usually used in?

Back 19

dermatologic drug products

Front 20

What are examples of water removable bases / emulsion bases / cream bases?

Back 20

hydrophilic ointment (dermabase, aquaphilic ointment)(emulsifying agent : sodium lauryl sulfate), vanishing cream (stearic acid cream)

Front 21

What are the characteristics of water-removable bases / emulsion bases / cream bases?

Back 21

oil in water emulsions. Insoluble in water, but can absorb water. Non greasy, can be diluted with water or aqueous solution, emollient, non/less occlusive, better patient acceptance than hydrocarbon bases or absorption bases, water removable or washable

Front 22

What are the properties of water soluble bases?

Back 22

can be anyhydrous or contain water, non greasy, non occlusive, absorb water to the point of solubility, emollient, watersoluble/washable, drug release is good, used as vehicle for liquids or solid drugs, used as emollient, PRIMARY DIFFERENCE FROM WATER WASHABLE BASES: water soluble, mainly used as a dermatologic vehicle

Front 23

What are two examples of water soluble bases?

Back 23

peg ointment, propylene glycol, propylene glycol-ethanol

Front 24

What percentage is compensated for loss in ointment compounding?

Back 24

10%

Front 25

How are thick liquids measured?

Back 25

weight rather than volume

Front 26

What are the preparation methods for ointments or creams?

Back 26

fusion or cold incorporation

Front 27

What is the method used for virtually all oil in water creams or ointments which are prepared at high temps as liquid emulsions and then cooled to the semisolid character at room temp (not suitable for ingredients that are unstable in heat)?

Back 27

fusion

Front 28

What method is used when a drug is to be added to an already prepared ointment or cream system or when the vehicle is heat liable?

Back 28

cold incorporation

Front 29

What are viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions usually of the oil in water type (although the other does happen)?

Back 29

creams

Front 30

What are the properties of creams?

Back 30

opaque, white color, pleasing appearance and feel, nongreasy and washable, non occlusive

Front 31

What are semisolid systems consisting of suspensions made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid?

Back 31

gels

Front 32

What do gels do when in contact with skin?

Back 32

liquify

Front 33

What are some examples of gelling agents?

Back 33

macromolecules (carbomer 934), cellulose derivatives (carbocymethylcellulose), natural gums (tragacanth)

Front 34

What is the ability to transfrom into fluid when agitated but resolidfy when resting?

Back 34

thixotropy (happens in gels)

Front 35

Where are gels used?

Back 35

in body cavities

Front 36

What are the classifications of gels?

Back 36

two phase (magma) or single phase

Front 37

What gel phase has a 3d matrix, is describes as magma, composed of inorganic small particles?

Back 37

two phase gels

Front 38

what are gelling agents for two phase gels?

Back 38

aluminum hydroxide, bentonite magma, magnesia magma

Front 39

What are polymeric matrix gels that contain macromolecules uniformly distributed throughout a liquid with NO apparent boundaries between the dispered macromolecules and the liquid?

Back 39

single phase gel

Front 40

What are gelling agents for single phase gels?

Back 40

natrual gums, pectin, methyl cellulose, carbocymethyl cellulose, carbopols