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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 TBS to ___ cc
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15 cc equals ____ Tbs
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1 Dram = ___ cc
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4 cc = ___ Dram
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1 Tsp = ___ cc
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5 cc = ___Tsp
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1 Oz = ___ cc
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30 cc = ___ Oz
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1 gr = ___ mg
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___ gr = 60 mg
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1 kg = ___ pounds
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___ kg = 2.2 pounds
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Ml
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milliliter
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Mcg
Mg Gm Kg |
microgram
Milligram Gram Kilogram |
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cc
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cubic centimeter
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Gr
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grain (for weight)
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m
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minim (for volume)
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1 fluid Oz = ___ ml
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___ fluid Oz = 30 ml
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1 cup = ___ oz or ___ml
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___ cup = 8 Oz or 240 ml
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1 pint = ___ cups
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___ pint = 2 cups
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16 Oz = ___ lb
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___ Oz = 1 lb
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1 qt = ___ oz
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___ qt = 8 Oz
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nephrotoxic
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dose large enough to kill the kidneys
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ototoxic
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dose large enough to kill the hearing
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When is peak serum level obtained?
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measured by the sample of blood drawn at a specific time after the medicine is administered
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When is trough level obtained?
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blood sample drawn at a specific time before the next dose of medication is given
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What is the significance of measuring peak levels?
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To determine if drug levels are high enough to kill the specific bacteria pathogen being treated
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What is the significance of measuring trough levels?
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To determine whether the drug levels have fallen low enough between dosages to prevent toxicity
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What drugs are most important in monitoring peak and trough levels?
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Aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy (e.g. gentamicin, tobramycin)
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Agonist
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A drug that interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response
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Antagonist
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A drug that attaches to a receptor but does not stimulate a response
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Half-life of a drug
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the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body
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Placebo
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A drug that had no pharmacologic activity (no active ingredient)
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The amount of drugs bound to plasma protein is pharmaceutically what??
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Inactive because the large size of the complex keeps them in the bloodstream and prevents them from reaching the site of action, metabolism, and excretion
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The primary site of drug metabolism (biotransformation) is the __________________
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Enzyme systems of the liver
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The inactive drug components are called _______________?
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Metabolites
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Carcinogenicity
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the ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous
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Schedule I Drugs
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- No currently accepted medical use in US
- lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision - ex: LSD, marijuana, peyote, heroin, hasish |
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Schedule II Drugs
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- currently accepted medical use
- abuse potential that can lead to severe psychological or physical dependence - ex: secobarbital, pentobarbital, amphetamines, morphine, meperidine, methadone, Percodan, methylphenidate |
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Schedule III Drugs
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- currently accepted medical use
- abuse potential may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dep. - ex: empirin with codeine, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine |
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Schedule IV Drugs
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- currently accepted medical use
- abuse potential may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence - ex: phenobarbital, propoxyphene, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, temazepam |
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Schedule V Drugs
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- currently accepted medical use
- abuse potential of limited physical or psychological dependence, prescription may not be required - ex: Lomotil, Robitussin AC |
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What is the meaning of orphan drugs?
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Drugs that cure rare diseases.
No company would adopt the disease to do research to develop products for treatment |
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What is d-dimer level? Why is it drawn?
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Fibrin degradation fragment. Alerts doctor if there is excessive clotting. Test helps to rule out the presence of a thrombus
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What is the meaning of a Black Box Warning?
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The possible side effects of a drug as said by the FDA
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What is a teratogen? What pregnancy category are they?
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drugs that cause birth defects and are in category X
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What are the four components of pharmacokinetics?
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ADME - Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of individual medicines over time
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What does parenteral mean?
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route bypasses GI tract by using subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection
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What does subcutaneous mean?
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have the slowest absorption rate, especially if circulation is impaired
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What does intravenous mean?
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most rapid dispersal of drugs. Once drug enters the blood stream, it cannot be retrieved
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What does enteral mean?
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drug is administered directly into the GI tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric route
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What is idiosyncratic reaction?
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Occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is first administered
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What is adverse reaction?
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side effects - any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug
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What is allergic reaction?
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Occur in patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and have developed antibodies to it
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Toxicity
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when adverse effects are severe
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Tolerance
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occurs when a person begins to require a higher dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided
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Placebo Effect
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A patient's positive expectations about treatment and the care received can positively affect the outcome of therapy
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Cumulative Effect
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A drug may accumulate in the body if the next dose is administered before the previous dose has been metabolized or excreted
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Generic name for Tylenol
spelled correctly |
acetaminophen
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__________ is the drug reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs produces an effect greater than the sum of each given alone
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Synergistic effect
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__________ deals with the study of drugs and their __________ or __________ on living organisms
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Pharmacology
Effects Actions |
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Are drugs more rapidly absorbed by subcutaneous or by intramuscular injection into the muscle?
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IM injection b/c of greater blood flow per unit weight of muscle compared with subcut tissue
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Which route is the fastest method of delivering a drug into circulation?
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IV injection
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Percutaneous
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inhalation, sublingual, or topical
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What effects topical drug absorption?
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drug concentration, length of contact, size of affected area, thickness of skin, hydration of tissue, and degree of skin disruption
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Antidote
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agent used to counteract the effect of a medication
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Biotransformation
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Metabolism
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generic name
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common name used before official, may be used in any country, first letter not capitalized
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Trademark, brand name, or propriety name
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followed by the R symbol, easier to pronounce, spell, and remember. First letter capitalized
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Four ways drugs may be classified?
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1) body systems they affect
2) therapeutic use or clinical indications 3) physiologic or chemical actions 4) prescription or non-prescription |
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What is fast tracking?
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when investigational new drugs will be used for life threatening diseases they will receive highest priority for review of the FDA
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Example of an agonist
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epinephrine-like drugs act on the heart to increase the heart rate
acetylcholine-like drugs act on heart to slow heart rate |
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Absorption
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process whereby a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to circulating fluids for distribution
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Distribution
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The ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
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Metabolism aka biotransformation
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process whereby the body inactivates drugs.
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Primary site of metabolism?
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The liver
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Excretion
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elimination of drug metabolites
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Two primary routes of drug excretion?
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GI tract to the feces
Renal tubules into urine |
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What effect does weight have on drug therapy?
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overweight patients may require increased dosages to attain same therapeutic response
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What effect does metabolic rate have on drug therapy?
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patients with higher than average metabolic rate tend to metabolize drugs more rapidly requiring larger doses or more frequent administration
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What effect does illness have on drug therapy?
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any pathological condition that could alter the rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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Can gender differences affect drug absorption?
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yes. A woman's stomach empties solids slower, thus slowing the absorption of certain medications absorbed in the small intestines
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How are transdermal medications absorbed differently in the very old?
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enhancement of absorption: dermal thickness decreases
Diminish absorption: drying and wrinkling of skin, decreased cardiac output, and diminishing tissue perfusion |
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What is aspirin? How is it characterized?
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blocks pain impulses in CNS, antipyretic, decreases platelet aggregation
nonopiod analgesic |
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What are thrombolytics and what are the risks?
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Are used to treat DVT, PE, arterial throbosis, etc
Risks: GI, GU, intracranial, and retroperitoneal bleeding and anaphylaxis |
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What are NSAIDS? What is the risk to those on anticoagulants?
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Nonsteroidal antiinflammatories
RISKS: increases the risk of GI bleeds if taken in conjunction with anticoagulants |
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What about dietary concerns for patients on coumadin?
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foods high in Vitamin K (green leafy veggies) decrease coumadin (warfarin) action
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Route of nitroglycerin
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PO, transmucosal, topical, transdermal, SL, IV
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Side effects of nitroglycerin
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headache, flushing, dizziness, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, palpitations, pallor, sweating, rash
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