Pharm705 Exam 1 (1)

Front 1

Innate

Back 1

Not antigen-receptor specific
No memory
ie,
reticulo-endothothelial system
Inflammatory response involving macrophages, neutrophiles
Natural killer (NK) cell

Front 2

Adaptive

Back 2

Antigen and receptor specific
Clonal selection and activation of T cells and B cells
Demonstrate memory and tolerance

Front 3

Primary lympoid organ

Back 3

(formation and antigen-independent differentiation)
-fetal liver and yolk sac
Bone marrow
Thymus- T lymphocytes, after puberty, the thymus atropy
-produces interleukin-7
(IL-7), a cytokine that promates t-cell poliferation

Front 4

Secondary lymphoid organ

Back 4

(storage and antigen dependent differentiation)
-Once mature, lympocytes leave the primary organ and go:
Bone marrow –hematopoiesis or formation of blood cells (red marrow), B cells
Spleen-
Peripheral blood and lymphoid
peyer patches in the intestines
tonsil

Front 5

spleen

Back 5

-filter for blood
-surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and filled with a meshwork of red pulp (macrophages) and localized masses of lymphocytes called white pulp.

Front 6

Lymph nodes

Back 6

-circulation by way of right lymphatic and thoracic duct
-projections of connective tissue called trabeculea devide the interior of the lymph mode into compartments.
-B cells-cortical follicles
-T cells-paracortex
-macrophages, B cells, and plasma cells (antibody secreating B cells)- medulla

Front 7

lymphoid pathway

Back 7

lymphocytes

Front 8

myeloid pathway

Back 8

made from a pluripotential then myeloid stem cell
-granulocytes (neutrophilie and eosinophil), monocytes(macrophages), platelets and red blood cells
-basophils are precursors of the mast cells located in tissue.

Front 9

Lymphoid pathway

Back 9

pluripotential cel to lymphoid stem cell:
-lymphocyte (T and B cell) and plasma cell)

Front 10

leukocytes

Back 10

-primary effector cell in the immune system
-formed from stem cells in the blood marrow
-B, T and NK cells

Front 11

cytokines

Back 11

Development of lymphiod and myeloid cells are influenced by hormonal signaling molecule
-produced in bone marrow
- they stimulate stem cell growth, poliferation, and differentiation into particular cell type.

Front 12

neutrophils

Back 12

circulating granulocytes that are also known as polymorphonulear leukocytes (polys or PMNs)
-60%-80% of the WBC count.
-they have two to five nuclear lobes and coarse, clumped chromatin
-arise from bone marrow stem cells.

Front 13

least to most mature
neutrophil

Back 13

myeloblast, promelocyte, band cell, and mature segmented neutrophiles.
-stored in bone marrow
-early responders to an acute bacterial infection and arise in large numbers verry quickly.
-phagocytes
-have recptors that bind to endothelial cells in areas of inflammation

Front 14

L-selectins

Back 14

are receptors allow neutrophils to stick and roll along the capillary surface.

Front 15

Chemotactic factors

Back 15

Neutrophiles are attracted to areas of inflamation and bacterial produces by chemotactic factors such as complement fragments and cytokines.

Front 16

neutrophilia

Back 16

-acute infection
-increase in the number of circulating neutropjils, occurs as bone marrow release stored neutrophils

Front 17

"shift to the left normal"

Back 17

bands (immature neutropiles)
lack of nuclear segmentation

Front 18

chemical mediators

Back 18

free radicals, defensins, and proteolytic enzyme such as elastase.
-damage tissue during inflamation response

Front 19

Eosinophils

Back 19

-circulating ganulocytes that have two nuclear lobes.
-1%-6% of WBC count
-mature in bone marrow
-arise from meloid stem cells
-increase w/ an allergic reaction and infecction by intestinal parasites.
-primary role is to kill parasitic helminths (worms)

Front 20

chemical mediators

Back 20

-lysosomal enzymes, peroxidase, prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
--inflammation
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Front 21

Helminths worms

Back 21

-they produce specialized molecules such as major basic protiens and eocinophil cationic proteins.
-they recognized helminths that have be opsonized (coated) w/IgE antibody. They bind to the IgE and release their stored chemicals on the surface and kill.

Front 22

Basophils and mast cells

Back 22

-chacterized by granules.
-0%-2% WBC count
-basophils circulate in the vascular systme
-mast cells circulate in connective tissue, expecially around blood vessels and under mucosal surface.
-they have IgE receptors that allow them to bind and display IgE antibodies on their surface.
-antigen binding to the IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils release granules (degranulate) containing proinflammatory chemicals.

Front 23

chemical mediators

Back 23

histamine, platelet-activating factor, and other vasoactive amines.

Front 24

monocytes and macrophages

Back 24

-from the bone marrow stem cell of the myeloid region.
-5% WBC count
-can phagocytis many organisms

Front 25

Fc receptor

Back 25

receptos help macrophages locate antigens that have been coated by antibodies.
-they bind to part of an antibody called the constant fragment or Fc.

Front 26

Complement

Back 26

-recptors for the complement component C3b.
-Complement, like antibodies,they can coat antigen and make it more recognizable to macrophages.

Front 27

Oponization

Back 27

coating of antigen by antibodies or by complement.

Front 28

integrins receptors

Back 28

bind to proteins in the extracellular matrix and help macrophages target to certain areas.

Front 29

Selectins and integrins receptors

Back 29

help macrophages stick to capillary walls, enter and move through tisssue.

Front 30

macrophages cytokins

Back 30

coordinate the activities of other cells
- IL-1,IL-6 IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).
-promote inflamation
-activity of neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Front 31

Macrophages proteins that break down tissue
(secreation)

Back 31

collagenase, elastase, plasminogen activator

Front 32

Macrophages stimulate growth of new granulation tissue
(secreation)

Back 32

fibroblast growth factor, angiogenic factors.

Front 33

Macrophages antigen presentation

Back 33

-For T cells to recognize antigens, these antigens must be first be processed and presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cell.
- the engulf the antigen and display the antigen complex on its surface, where T lymphocytes can recognize and become activated.

Front 34

Lymphocyte NK cell

Back 34

-not dependent of thymus development
-innate immune cells b/c they can effectively kill tumor cells and virally infected cells w/out previous exposure.
-can respond to variety of antigens and therefore not specific for a particular antigen.
-they target virally infected cells and tumor cells

Front 35

antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Back 35

-recognize antibody-coated target cells w/ their Fc receptors.

Front 36

MHC 1

Back 36

they recognize ADCC b/c virally infected cells lack certain normal self proteins on their cell surface (major histocompatibility complex I or MHC 1, protein)
-normal MHC 1 are protected by NK cytotoxicity.

Front 37

T helper

Back 37

T cells that posses CD4 proteins.
-antigens presented on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

Front 38

TH1 subset of helper cells

Back 38

develops in response to
IL-12 from macrophages and, when activated, secretes cytokines that activate other T cells (IL-2) and macrophages (inferon gamma(IFN-gamma))

Front 39

TH2 subset of helper cells

Back 39

develop in response to IL-4 from activated T helper cells and secrete cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production (eg., IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL13)

Front 40

Cytotoxic T cell

Back 40

presence of CD8 protein
-recognize antigen presented in association w/ surface proteins that are found on all nucleated cells of body (MHC 1).
-when CD8+ T cell recognizes a foreign antigen on the cell, the antigen-presenting cell is killed cytotoxic T cells

Front 41

cytotoxic T cell is enhanced

Back 41

by helper cell cytokines (IL-2)

Front 42

B cells

Back 42

-their ability to produce antibodies and by the presence of antibody like receptors (B-cell receptors(BCRs)) on their cell surface.
-B cells require "help" fromT helper to respond to protein antigen. B cells bind and internalize that protein antigen, then process and present it to T helper cell.
-Tcells that recognize the presented peptides bind to and are activated by B cell.

Front 43

Cells of the reticulo-Endothelial system (RES)

Back 43

-phagocytic
-brain glial, liver kupffer cells, aveolar macrophages, skin langerhans and dendritic cells, lymph node reticular cells, blood macrophages and neutrophils, splenic, macrophages
-ingestion of particular matter.
-particules may be coated (opsonized) by antibodies of C factors; phagocytotic cells have recptors for these opsonins that increase the efficiency of ingestion.
-protease enzymes in their phacocytic vacuoles.
-respiratory burst- increase O2 consumption and O2 production; reactive oxygen species (ROS)
-"sloopy eaters there is nonspecific tissue damage and inflammation when they are activated.

Front 44

Complement cascade activated

Back 44

C1 binds IgG antibody complex then C3 spontaneously degrades into active C3b fragments in plasma

Front 45

Macrophages proteins that break down tissue
(secreation)

Back 45

collagenase, elastase, plasminogen activator

Front 46

Macrophages stimulate growth of new granulation tissue
(secreation)

Back 46

fibroblast growth factor, angiogenic factors.

Front 47

Macrophages antigen presentation

Back 47

-For T cells to recognize antigens, these antigens must be first be processed and presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cell.
- the engulf the antigen and display the antigen complex on its surface, where T lymphocytes can recognize and become activated.

Front 48

Lymphocyte NK cell

Back 48

-not dependent of thymus development
-innate immune cells b/c they can effectively kill tumor cells and virally infected cells w/out previous exposure.
-can respond to variety of antigens and therefore not specific for a particular antigen.
-they target virally infected cells and tumor cells

Front 49

antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Back 49

-recognize antibody-coated target cells w/ their Fc receptors.

Front 50

MHC 1

Back 50

they recognize ADCC b/c virally infected cells lack certain normal self proteins on their cell surface (major histocompatibility complex I or MHC 1, protein)
-normal MHC 1 are protected by NK cytotoxicity.

Front 51

T helper

Back 51

T cells that posses CD4 proteins.
-antigens presented on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

Front 52

TH1 subset of helper cells

Back 52

develops in response to
IL-12 from macrophages and, when activated, secretes cytokines that activate other T cells (IL-2) and macrophages (inferon gamma(IFN-gamma))

Front 53

TH2 subset of helper cells

Back 53

develop in response to IL-4 from activated T helper cells and secrete cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production (eg., IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL13)

Front 54

Cytotoxic T cell

Back 54

presence of CD8 protein
-recognize antigen presented in association w/ surface proteins that are found on all nucleated cells of body (MHC 1).
-when CD8+ T cell recognizes a foreign antigen on the cell, the antigen-presenting cell is killed cytotoxic T cells

Front 55

cytotoxic T cell is enhanced

Back 55

by helper cell cytokines (IL-2)

Front 56

B cells

Back 56

-their ability to produce antibodies and by the presence of antibody like receptors (B-cell receptors(BCRs)) on their cell surface.
-B cells require "help" fromT helper to respond to protein antigen. B cells bind and internalize that protein antigen, then process and present it to T helper cell.
-Tcells that recognize the presented peptides bind to and are activated by B cell.

Front 57

Cells of the reticulo-Endothelial system (RES)

Back 57

-phagocytic
-brain glial, liver kupffer cells, aveolar macrophages, skin langerhans and dendritic cells, lymph node reticular cells, blood macrophages and neutrophils, splenic, macrophages
-ingestion of particular matter.
-particules may be coated (opsonized) by antibodies of C factors; phagocytotic cells have recptors for these opsonins that increase the efficiency of ingestion.
-protease enzymes in their phacocytic vacuoles.
-respiratory burst- increase O2 consumption and O2 production; reactive oxygen species (ROS)
-"sloopy eaters there is nonspecific tissue damage and inflammation when they are activated.

Front 58

Complement cascade activated

Back 58

C1 binds IgG antibody complex then C3 spontaneously degrades into active C3b fragments in plasma