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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Vitamins?
How many are there? |
organic compunds required by the body in small amounts
13 |
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What are the Water Soluble vitamins?
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C and B complexes (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12)
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What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?
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A, D, E, K
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Dark Green Vegetables
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Spinach
Kale Turnip Greens Asparagus Broccoli |
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Bright Orange Vegetables and Fruits
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Carrots
Sweet Potatoes Pumpkin Cantaloupe Apricots Peaches |
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A
Name? Function? |
- Retinol -
-normal vision, growth, bone development, skin, mucous membranes -tissue repair (esp. epithelial) |
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A
Food Sources |
Liver, Beef, Meat, Kidneys
Butter, Fortified Margarine, Egg Yolks Cheese, Whole Milk Fish Oil Dark Green Vegetables Bright Orange Vegetables and Friits |
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A
Meds Supplement Fn |
-Isotretinon (Accutane)
Skin Healing Macro Degeneration Reverse Deficiency Leukemia (some forms) *Should not be taken in Megadoses* |
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A
Deficiency |
Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia Corneal Ulcers Blindness Skin lesions and infections Respiratory Tract infections Urinary Calculi |
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A
Excess |
Anorexia, Vomiting
Irritability Skin Changes, Yellow-Orange Color of Skin Pain in muscles, joints, bones Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly Increased Intracranial Pressure, Neuro S/S, weakness ↓BP, ↓WBC, ↓weight Teratogenic Effects in Fetus |
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D
Name? Function? |
- Ergocalciferol (Food) -
- Cholecalciferol (Sunlight) - Absorption of Ca Maintain bones and teeth |
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D
Food Sources |
Liver
Egg Yolks Salmon, Tuna Fish, Sardines Certain Cereals Sunshine |
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D
Meds Supplement Fn |
Rocaltrol, Calcijex
Delta-D Multivitamins *Should not be taken in Megadoses* |
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D
Deficiency |
changes in Serum levels
Rickets (children) Osteomalacia (adults) |
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D
Excess |
calcification of soft tissue
cessation of life Teratogenic Effects in Fetus |
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E
Name? Function? |
- Tocopherol -
Antioxidant maintain muscle and nerve integrity protect other nutrients (esp. Vit A, Vit C) Formation of RBCs prevents destruction of fats (lipids in cell membranes) |
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E
Food Sources |
Green Leafy Vegetables
Plant/Vegetable Oils and Seeds Butter Eggs Wheat Germ Milk Fat Cereal |
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E
Meds Supplement Fn |
Aquasol E, Vita-Plus
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E
Deficiency |
Rare
(Adults) Severe malabsorption disorders (Neonates) hemolytic anemia |
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E
Excess |
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
fatigue HA and blurred vision (PEDS) respiratory distress liver failure thrombocytopenia ascites |
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K
Name? Function? |
- Phytonadione -
Normal blood clotting Activates Liver Precursor Proteins (II, VII, IX, X) |
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K
Food Sources |
Green Leafy Vegetables
Liver Oatmeal Soybeans Coffee (mod amount) |
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K
Meds Supplement Fn |
AquaMEPHYTON
Tx: clotting disorders *Antidote for Coumadin/Warfarin* prevent hemorrhagic disease (newborns) |
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K
Deficiency |
Abnormal bleeding
(melena, hematemesis, hematuria, epistaxis, petechiae, ecchymosis, hypovolemic shock) |
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K
Excess |
Excessive Clotting
*Antidote for Overdose* ~Contraindicated for Pts taking Coumadin/Warfarin~ |
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C
Name? Function? |
- Ascorbic Acid -
formation of skin, ligaments, cartilage, bone/teeth wound healing and tissue repair Metabolism: Fe, Folic Acid RBC formation Synthesis of fats and protein Preservation of blood vessel integrity Resistance to infection Collagen formation |
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C
Food Sources |
Citrus Foods
tomatoes Strawberries cantaloupe Green and Chili Peppers Raw potatoes |
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Citrus Foods
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Oranges
Lemons Limes Grapefruits |
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C
Meds Supplement Fn |
MultiVitamin
PO / IM / IV deficiency Tx burns |
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C
Deficiency |
(mild) irritability, malaise
arthralgia, increased bleeding (severe) Scurvy, gingivitis, bleeding gums problems: skin, joints poor wound healing anemia coma, death |
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C
Excess |
Diarrhea
Renal calculi retention of Fe stores, toxicity (African Americans) |
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B-1
Name? Function? |
- Thaimine -
Maintain circulatory, digestion and nervous systems Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Energy Production |
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B-1
Food Sources |
Meat, Liver
Poultry Fish Egg Yolks Dried beans whole grains, cereal products peanuts |
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B-1
Meds Supplement Fn |
Multivitamin
PO / IM / IV deficiency common in alcoholics |
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B-1
Deficiency |
(mild) fatigue, anorexia
retarded growth, mental depression, irritability, apathy, lethargy (severe) Beriberi (wet or dry) peripheral neuritis personality disturbances, confusion tachycardia, enlarged heart, heart failure muscle wasting edema Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholics) (dementia/psychosis) |
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B-1
Excess |
Rare
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea increased urination |
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B-2
Name? Function? |
- Riboflavin -
RBC and Antibody formation Coenzyme in metabolism Growth Aids in building nerve structures, Helps cells utilize oxygen |
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B-2
Food Sources |
Milk, cheddar, cottage cheese
Meats, steak, beef, liver Eggs Green Leafy Vegetables Enriched bread and cereal Brewer's Yeast Salmon Turkey |
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B-2
Meds Supplement Fn |
Multivitamin
PO / IV Tx: migraine HAs |
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B-2
Deficiency |
eye disorders (burn, itch, lacrimation, photophobia, vascularization of cornea)
Glossitis Stomatitis Seborrheic dermatitis |
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B-2
Excess |
Rare
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea increased urination |
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B-3
Name? Function? |
- Niacin -
Essential for glycolysis, fat synthesis, tissue respiration Coenzyme Aids in circulation, growth of body tissue |
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B-3
Food Sources |
Meat
Poultry Fish seafood eggs whole grains peanuts legumes enriched cereal and breads |
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B-3
Meds Supplement Fn |
Nicotinic Acid
Nicotinamide PO Tx: deficiency Pellagra Hyperlipidemia |
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B-3
Deficiency |
Pellagra : erythematous skin lesions
GI Problems: stomatitis, glossitis, enteritis, diarrhea Nervous Probs: HA, dizz, insomnia, depression, memory loss (severe) delusions, hallucinations, impairment of peripheral motor and sensory nerves |
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B-3
Excess |
Rare
transient flushing, HA, cramps, nausea, vomiting,↑blood sugar, ↑uric acid ↑liver enzymes |
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B-6
Name? Function? |
- Pyroxidine -
RNA and DNA synthesis Hgb production Coenzyme for metabolism of carbs, protein, fat Release glycogen from liver and muscle maintain antibody function balance nervous system function Treat tuberculosis |
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B-6
Food Sources |
Yeast, wheat germ
liver glandular meats whole grains and cereals potatoes legumes prunes |
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B-6
Meds Supplemental Fn |
Multivitamin
PO/ IM / IV deficiency anemia, peripheral neuritis INH therapy (TB) |
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B-6
Deficiency |
skin and mucousa lesions, seborrheic dermatitis, interrigo, glossitis, stomatitis
Neuro probs: convulsions, peripheral neuritis, mental depression NOTE* Isoniazid (TB drug) prevents conversion to active form, induces Sx of deficiency 1034 |
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B-6
Excess |
ataxia
sensory neuropathy |
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B-9
Name? Function? |
- Folic Acid / Folate -
metabolism of body cells formation of RBCs nervous system formation |
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B-9
Food Sources |
Liver, kidney
Lima beans, Dark Green Leafy Vegetables Orange juice fortified grain products - cereals and breads |
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B-9
Meds Supplemental Fn |
Multivitamin
PO/ IM / IV Tx deficiency |
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B-9
Deficiency |
Megoblastic Anemia, blood disorders
Elevated blood levels and homocysterine poor growth (PEDS) Glossitis GI tract distubance (PREG) Neural Tube Defects |
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B-9
Excess |
Rare
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea increased urination Contraindicated for ppl taking Dilantin -causes decreased effectiveness |
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B-12
Name? Function? |
- Cyanocobalamin -
metabolism of body cells formation of RBCs healthy nervous system |
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B-12
Food Sources |
Liver, kidney
milk, cheese eggs fish cooked sea vegetables muscle meats |
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B-12
Meds Supplement Fn |
PO / IM
Tx: pernicious anemia |
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B-12
Deficiency |
Pernicious Anemia, megoblastic anemia
yellow skin smooth red beefy tongue neuro DO: peripheral neuropathy |
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B-12
Excess |
Rare with dietary intake
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When are Vitamin Supplements Required?
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periods of increased growth
pregnancy lactation debilitating illness inadequate dietary intake fad/crash diets malabsorption precessess |
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Macrominerals
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more than 100mg/day intake
- Sodium -Potassium - Magnesium - Chloride - Calcium |
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Microminerals
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less than 100mg/day intake
- Iron - Chromium - Copper - Zinc - Iodine - Selenium - Fluoride - Cobalt |
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Iron
Sources |
red meat, read wine, liver
tuna, shellfish beans, nuts, dried fruits dark molasses whole grains, egg yolk |
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Iron
Function/Use |
Formation of RBCs
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Iron
Drug Interactions |
No milk/dairy products
no antacids |
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Iron
Deficiency |
Microcytic anemia
weakness, fatigue, dizziness altered immune response |
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Iron
Excess |
Hemochromocytosis
Toxicity |
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Calcium
Sources |
milk, cheese, yogurt
fish with bones nuts, beans, soy Green Leafy Veg Fortified OJ, cereal, bread |
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Calcium
Function/Use Serum Levels? |
formation of body cell/tissue/bones/teeth
blood clotting heart beat and nerve conduction, muscle contraction Serum: 9 - 10.5 mg |
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Calcium
Deficiency |
tetany, dysrythmias
bone Fx, bleeding, insomnia periodontal disease Osteoporosis or Osteomalacia |
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Calcium
Excess |
Flaccid paralysis
anorexia, N/V dysrythmias kidney stones polyuria |
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Zinc
Souces |
meat, liver
eggs seafood wheat germ |
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Zinc
Function/Use |
enzyme for metabolism
normal cell growth synthesis of RNA and DNA skin and MM formation wound healing* formation of sex organs |
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Chromium
Sources |
Brewer's Yeast
oysters, liver, seafood, poultry, lean meat potatoes whole grains cheese bran |
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Chromium
Function/Use |
carbohydrate metabolism
*helps control DM2 - potentiates effects of insulin |
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Chromium
Deficiency |
impaired glucose tolerance
hyperglycemia, glycosuria decreased growth, reproduction, lifespan |
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Copper
Sources |
oyster, shellfish
liver, poultry nuts, cereals, chocolate chocolate |
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Copper
Function/Use |
cofactor for Hgb synthesis
collagen formation |
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Copper
Deficiency |
anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia
osteoporosis hypopigmentation Menke's Disease |
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Copper
Excess |
Wilson's Disease
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Potassium
Souces |
meat
bran, potatoes broccoli, banana, avacadoes PB Green Leafy Veg |
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Potassium
Function/Use Serum Level? |
nerve impulse conduction
Enzyme for conversion of - carbs to energy and amino acids to protein Serum: 3.5 - 5 mEq/L |
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Potassium
Deficiency |
muscle weakness, decreased reflexes
flaccid paralysis CNS depression EKG Δs hypotension Caused by: burns, crush injuries, Addison's, renal failure, acidosis |
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Potassium
Excess |
EKG Δs, bradycardia, cardiac arrest
muscle weakness oliguria, intestinal colic diarrhea |
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Sodium
Sources |
salt
processed foods soy sauce seafood cured meat soda |
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Sodium
Function/Use Serum Level? |
nerve conduction, muscle contraction
*Acid/Base Balance Principal cation in extracellular fluid Serum: 136 - 145 mEq/L |
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Sodium
Deficiency |
decreased cerebral function
weakness, N/V, decreased BP caused by: GI loss, diuretic, burns, water intox |
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Sodium
Excess |
edema, ↑weight, ↑BP
volume overload, thirst caused by: renal failure, cirrhosis, steroids, aldosterone excess |
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Serum Levels for
Calcium: 9 - 10.5 mg Potassium: 3.5 - 5 mEq/L Sodium: 136 - 145 mEq/L |
Serum Levels for
Calcium: 9 - 10.5 mg Potassium: 3.5 - 5 mEq/L Sodium: 136 - 145 mEq/L |
