Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bacteriocide – an agent that kills the bacteria
They affect the bacterial cells alls or permeability of cell membrane. Bacteriostatic – a substance that inhibits growth and replication of bacteria. |
What is the difference btwn bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal?
|
|
The ability of a microorganism previously sensitive to an antimicrobial agent to withstand the effects of that drug.
|
What is resistance?
|
|
1. antiinfectives given in less than adequate doses.
2. treatment quit too soon. Patient compliance often poor as they begin to feel better. 3. Antiinfective given unnecessarily a. Treatment of untreatable infections. b. Treating fever c. Prophylaxis |
What are the contributing factors of resistance?
|
|
Develop more rapid identification methods
Identify the organism Determine susceptibility or resistance to an antimicrobial before use Educate patients Take medicine on time Finish the entire regimen Good care sometimes includes NOT giving an antimicrobial |
What can be done to help avoid drug resistance?
|
|
1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
2. Protein synthesis inhibitors 3. DNA inhibitors 4. Protein synthesis inhibitors 5. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors |
What are the Main mechanism of action for the antimicrobials?
|
|
1. Beta-lactams
2. Glycopeptides |
What are the antimicrobial agents that are that have the mech of action of Cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
|
|
vancomycin, bacitracin
|
What are the Glycopeptides?
|
|
Aminoglycosides including streptomycin
|
What are the Protein synthesis inhibitors that are bacteriocidal?
|
|
1. Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones – synthetic, non-antibiotic agents
|
What are the DNA inhibitors?
|
|
(penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenems, monobactams)
|
What are the 4 beta-lactams in the beta-lactam family?
|
|
1. Macrolides including eythromycins
2. Tetracyclines 3. Lincosamides 4. Chloramphenicol |
What are the Protein synthesis inhibitors that are bacteriostatic?
|
|
1. Sulfonimides
2. Trimethoprim |
What are the Folic acid synthesis inhibitors ?
|
|
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
|
What is the mechanism of action for Penicillin?
|
|
Beginning Narrow spectrum, then became widened
|
What is the spectrum for penicillin?
|
|
Usually safe, may usually be given in high doses
Caution: renal disease, high doses may cause CNS stimulation and convulsion Causes hypersensitivity (side effects) |
What are safety issues with penicillin?
|
|
Penicillin
|
Effective again organism causing most common infections
Gram positive bacteria |
|
beta-lactamase
|
a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria that is responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties.
produced by gram-positive organisms are usually secreted. |
|
a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria that is responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties.
produced by gram-positive organisms are usually secreted. |
What is beta-lactamase?
|
|
Used to rejuvenate penicillin against penicillinase
1. Clavulanic acid 2. Sulbactam 3. Tasobactam |
What are the beta-lactamase inhibitors or penicillin rejuvenators?
|
|
Probenecid
|
inhibits renal tubular secretion of many agents including penicillins and cephalosporins and some quinolones.
keeps penicillin in body for longer periods of time. |
|
Cephalosporins
|
very similar to penicillin
less active against most gram positive organisms so penicillin still first choice For Klebsiella infections For meningitis |
|
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
|
What is the mech of action for Cephalosporins?
|
|
Advantages: resistance to penicillinase
Disadvantages: a. probably allergic cross-sensitivity exists with penicillins b. must be used with senitivity tests - only effective sometimes. |
WHat are the advantages and disadvantages to using cephalosporins?
|
|
Carbapenems
|
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
has the broadest spectrums resistant to penicillinase has to be given parentarelly effective against psuedomonas |
|
Monobactams
|
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
more for gram negative bacterias no cross-allergenicit to penicillins and cephalosporins (use if allergic to penicillin) |