Pharm Unit 2-2

Front 1

Local drug activity

Back 1

drug action occurring only at the site of application (usually on skin or mucous membranes)

Front 2

Systemic drug activity

Back 2

action of a drug that is absorbed then distributed throughout the body.
1. Action may be on whole body OR only on a specific target organ
2. Toxic effects may occur when drug applied for local effects - becomes systemically absorbed.

-birth control
-antibiotics

Front 3

Skin and Mucous membranes
GI tract
Parenteral routes

Back 3

What are the general routes of administration of a drug?

Front 4

Skin
Nasal mucosa
Inhalation
Genitourinary

Back 4

What are the subgroups in skin and mucous membranes?

(chiefly "topical" routes)

Front 5

Skin

Back 5

local action usually intended

a. caution - skin broken - can lead to systemic
absorption.
b. uses - antiseptic, cleansing, emollient

Front 6

Nasal Mucosa

Back 6

a. local - spray, nose drops, decongestants, hemostatics caution - if too much applied may become systemically absorbed caution - even if correctly used may be dangerous if patient has contraindications (high BP, glaucoma)

Front 7

Inhalation

Back 7

a. local - antibiotics
- detergents and enzymes for breaking up secretions
b. systemic -anesthetics, CO2 and O2.

Front 8

Genitourinary

Back 8

a. usually LOCAL action intended
b. caution - if tramatized tissue, can get dangerous systemic effect.

Front 9

1. oral
2. Sublingual and buccal
3. Rectal

Back 9

What are the 3 enteral routes that a drug may be administered?

Front 10

1. oral

Back 10

usually for SYSTEMIC effect (exception: antacids, etc)

a. reasons used
1. convenience - simplest way to reach bloodstream
2. safety - often less expensive than injection

b. timing around meals
c. contraindications of oral route

Front 11

2. Sublingual and buccal

Back 11

below tongue or cheek

a. systemic - for drugs destroyed by LIVER or digestive enzymes

b. local - anesthetic or antiseptic (dentist)

Front 12

3. Rectal

Back 12

a. local - stimulate defectation reflex
b. systemic - retention enemas or suppositories
1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes
2. irritating to stomach
3. uncooperative or unconsious patient
4. antiemetic (vomiting)

Front 13

GI tract

Back 13

usually for SYSTEMIC effect (exception: antacids, etc)

a. reasons used
1. convenience - simplest way to reach bloodstream
2. safety - often less expensive than injection

b. timing around meals
c. contraindications of oral route

below tongue or cheek

a. systemic - for drugs destroyed by LIVER or digestive enzymes

b. local - anesthetic or antiseptic (dentist)

a. local - stimulate defectation reflex
b. systemic - retention enemas or suppositories
1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes
2. irritating to stomach
3. uncooperative or unconsious patient
4. antiemetic (vomiting)

Front 14

1. convenience
2. safety
3. cost

Back 14

What are the 3 reasons why the oral route is used?

Front 15

timing around meals (oral)

Back 15

before - quicker absorption, but more easily destroyed

with - drug irritations

after - slower absorption desired

Front 16

Local
Rectal

Back 16

Local or systemic and what is it?

stimulate defecation reflex

Front 17

Systemic

Rectal

Back 17

Local or systemic and what is it?

retention enemas or suppositories

1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes
2. irritate to stomach
3. uncooperative or unconsious patient
4. antiemetic (vomiting)

Front 18

contraindications of oral route

Back 18

1. patient vomiting or unconscious
2. drug too irritating
3. drug doesn't reach blood in high enough concentration
a. not absorbed through GI tract
b. destroyed by digestive enzymes
c. destroyed by liver
- portal system
- bypass using sublingual, buccal, or rectal route.

Front 19

concentration
liver

Back 19

1. patient vomiting or unconscious
2. drug too irritating
3. drug doesn't reach blood in high enough ____________
a. not absorbed through GI tract
b. destroyed by digestive enzymes
c. destroyed by _______
- portal system
- bypass using sublingual, buccal, or rectal route.

Front 20

Parenteral routes

Back 20

refers to injections (literally other than GI tract)

Front 21

Parenteral routes

Back 21

1. More hazardous route
2. Type of injection depends upon placement of needle
3. The most commonly given injections are: subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous.