Pharm Test 3

Front 1

Diuretics that inc CO, inc renal blood flow/glomerular P

Back 1

Digital alkaloids, xanthine derivatives, colloidal plasma expanders

Front 2

Simple diuretix

Back 2

inhibit ADH release. Water and ethyl alcohol

Front 3

Osmotic diuretix

Back 3

Primary fxn to induce diuresis. Mannitol and Glycerin

Front 4

Which diuretics are small, water solubles particles that are freely filtered, not secreted or reabsorbed?

Back 4

Mannitol and Glycerin

Front 5

Which diuretic can only be used for a few days and why?

Back 5

Acidifying agent Ammonium Chloride. Tolerance dvlps. CAUSES ACIDOSIS. NH3 forms and combines with H+ to form NH4, which is +. Replaces Na+ for secretion of Cl-, so reduxn of urinary Na excretion and therefore water.

Front 6

Mannitol: how given and to what animals

Back 6

Slow IV, rums, cats, dogs, pigs, horses

Front 7

Glycerin: how given and to what

Back 7

PO. Dogs cats. Good for shock and renal failure

Front 8

Which drugs are Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Back 8

Acetazolamide, dozolamide

Front 9

Acetazolamide and dozolamie benefits

Back 9

Tx glaucomma. No tolerance dvlps. No side effects

Front 10

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors mech of axn

Back 10

Kidney prox tubules have carbonic anhydrase enzymes. Needed to reabs bicarb. Inhibits this. Plama Hyperchloremic acidosis, urinary alkalosis. Hypokalemia is possible. Mild axn.

Front 11

Thiazide: Mech of axn and what its best to tx for.

Back 11

Inc urinary excretion of Na + Cl. Good for treating hyperkalemia in states with high aldosterone activity: heart failure patients.

Front 12

A down side for thiazide diuretics is that it can cause?

Back 12

Diabetes, especially in subclinical cases (mellitis).

Front 13

Diabetically, thiazide is good for what?

Back 13

Can reduce urine flow in diabetes insipidus. Used for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Front 14

Loop diuretics usage.

Back 14

Most common in vet med, esp furosemide. Very potent.

Front 15

Loop diuretix pharmacological ation.

Back 15

Alter the trans epithelial potential, also inc urinary excretion of Ca + Mg.

Front 16

The problem with furosemide and cats.

Back 16

Autotoxicity. Not seen when used alone, but with aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Front 17

Can fursemide be used in horses?

Back 17

Yes, its the only diuretic approved in horse racing for prophylactic of exercise induced pulmonary hemmhorage.

Front 18

What is K sparing diuretix (spinronolactore, amiloride, trameterene) mech of axn?

Back 18

Act on collecting tubules to reduce Na reabs and K excretion. Can cause hyperkalemia then.

Front 19

k spaing diuretics can be used with what to prevent hypokalemia?

Back 19

Thiazide, loops, or Ca inhibitors.

Front 20

Spinronolactore is a comp antagonist of what?

Back 20

Aldosterone, which blocks Na reabs. May also cause hyperKalemia

Front 21

Amiloride and trameterene do what?

Back 21

Block ep Na channels and cause Hyperkalemia. Axns independant of aldosterone.

Front 22

Appetite stim caveat

Back 22

Determine underlying problem first.

Front 23

which benzodiazapines can be used as appetite stimulants?

Back 23

Diazepam and oxazepam

Front 24

How quickly will animals eat after giving diazepam?

Back 24

Within seconds. Make sure food is available.

Front 25

Oxazepam can cause what in cats?

Back 25

Hepatotoxicity. It doesnt depend on the dose or duration of tx, can occur anytime.

Front 26

Cyproheptadine can be used as a what in cats? Any bad side effects?

Back 26

Appetite stim. It does have anticholinergic effects and sedation.

Front 27

Mirtazapine is good to tx what?

Back 27

Poor appetite and emesis together in dogs and cats.

Front 28

Mega sterol should not be used in which animals?

Back 28

Cats, causes adrenal suppression, atropy, diabetes millitus.

Front 29

Which glucocorticosteroids are used as appetite stimulants?

Back 29

Dexamethasone and prednisone. Only give for a short period. Brkdwn many proteins.

Front 30

Why do we give emetics?

Back 30

To remove stomach content if poison eaten. Can only remove 60-80%. Its a protective reflex.

Front 31

Apomorphine is what kind of emetic? How does it work, and what spp gets it?

Back 31

Central emetic. Directly depresses central emetic center. Dont use a 2nd time if it wont work. Dogs.

Front 32

What type of emetic is xylazine? Works best on which species?

Back 32

Central acting. a2 adrenergic R agonist. causes high vomiting rates in cats and dogs. Used esp in cats.

Front 33

Should H2O2 (local emetic) be used concentratedly?

Back 33

No

Front 34

Ipecac (local emetic) takes how long?

Back 34

15-30 minutes. It can cause cardio problems though.

Front 35

Phenothiazepine: What type of drug is it, how does it work, and drug types. Also, wont stop what?

Back 35

Cetral acting anti-emetic. Acepromazine and chlorpromazine. Wont stop vagal-induced vomiting (from GI, peritoneal).

Front 36

What is metaclopramide and why is it good?

Back 36

Central and peripheral antiemetic drug.

Front 37

Metaclopramide doesnt work in which part of the gut? how long does it act?

Back 37

Doesnt stim motility in distal part of sm intestines or colon. Has a short duration of action.

Front 38

Which drugs are serotonin antagonists?

Back 38

Ondansetron, ganesetron, granisetron.

Front 39

How serotonin antagonists work? Dont stop what type of pukie?

Back 39

Central and peripheral serotonin R antagonists. No good for motion sickness.

Front 40

Maropitent is used for what?

Back 40

Tx active vomiting in dogs (FDA approved) and cats (Off label). Give orally or injected. Most common antiemetic in SA

Front 41

Antihistamines are good at stoping what type of vomiting?

Back 41

Motion sickness. Not as good on cats though.

Front 42

Antimuscarinic antiemetics work how?

Back 42

They dec GI motility. Inhibit Musc R in GI tract and cholinergic R in emetic center. Give for IBS and PNS stimulated vomiting. Cause vomiting otherwise.

Front 43

There are how many types of receptors on parietal cells and which drugs act on these?

Back 43

3-H2 antagonism, acetylcholine R, and gastrin R. Antiulcer agents work on these.

Front 44

Which are major antacids and how do they work? What bad side effects?

Back 44

Al salts, Mg salt, and Cal carbonate + Al...inhibit pepsin secretion. Constipation and diarhhea.

Front 45

How long do antacids work?

Back 45

Not long, take frequently.

Front 46

Al salts are used on which animals and to tx what?

Back 46

SA for hyperphosphatemia w/ renal failure. Bind phosphate and cannot be reabsorbed.

Front 47

Dont give Mg salts to which conditioned animals?

Back 47

Impaired kidney fxn. HyperMg ensues.

Front 48

What is Gastric acid rebound?

Back 48

Antacids make stomach pH alkaline.

Front 49

Which is the most effective proton pump inhibiting gastric acid inhibitor? how does it work? Most effective for treating what?

Back 49

Omeprazole. Irreversibly binds H-K ATPase pump required for synth of gastric acid (last step). Not stable in gastric pH. Most effective for prophylaxis of NSAID induced ulcer

Front 50

Which cytoprotective drug forms a sticky paste-like complex in an acidic environment?

Back 50

Sucralfate.

Front 51

What is the primary use of misoprotosol, and what type of drug is it?

Back 51

Its a cytoprotective drug thats primary use is for treating NSAID GI ulcers/side effects.

Front 52

Prokinetic modulators of GI motility do what and act how?

Back 52

Act on cholinergic NS to improve GI motility.

Front 53

Metaclopramide is what type of drug and what does it do?

Back 53

Central antidopaminergic (antiemetic).

Front 54

Domperidone is what type of drug and what is it specifically used for?

Back 54

Anticholinergic antiemetic. Tx fescue toxicity in horses. Give to poorly lactating mares to initiate lactation.

Front 55

Dexpanthenol is what type of drug? What is it converted to?

Back 55

Anticholinergic antiemetic. Rapidly convered to coenzyme A.

Front 56

What type of drug is cisapride? How does it work and how is it special?

Back 56

Anticholinergic antiemetic. Stims Ach release. Improves motility in distal SM intestines and inc colon.

Front 57

Does cisapride pass the BBB? What does it stimulate?
What is it specifically given for?

Back 57

No, unlike metaclopramide. Gastric emptying and sm intestines and colonic motility. GI motility problems in horses after surgery.

Front 58

Which drugs are H2 rcptr antagonists? Which anmls are they used on and for what?

Back 58

Ranitidine, fanitidine, nizatidine. Horses and sm animals for GI ulcers, hypersec conditions.

Front 59

What is the drug of choice for diarrheal tx in dogs?

Back 59

Opiod agonists. They pass BBB.

Front 60

Anticholinergics and antispasmodics do what and how?

Back 60

Antiemetics, but can promote vomiting by reducing motility.

Front 61

Protectants/absorbants work how and do what?

Back 61

Coat stomach and control diarrhea/vomiting. *Bismuth metab in sm Int -> bismuth carbonate + salicylate. Theyre antibacteiral and aspirin like. Anti inflammatory.

Front 62

Laxatives/cathartics do what?

Back 62

Decrease lg intestine water absorption.

Front 63

Bulk laxatives are given for what, and in what form?

Back 63

Sand impaction in horses, only raw linseed oil form (not cooked) for impaction.

Front 64

Osmotic cathartics do what to the colon?

Back 64

Decrease pH, improve motility and secretion.

Front 65

Cats hate which drug?

Back 65

Lactolose.

Front 66

Surfactants/stool softeners are given for what?

Back 66

Fecal impaction, not sand colics.

Front 67

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are derived from what? What do they fxn in?

Back 67

Derived from PUSFAs: aa from membrane lipids via phosphatase A2. Involved in inflammatory response.

Front 68

COX-1 is ________ and COX-2 is ________, enzymatically speaking.

Back 68

Constitutive, inducible. COX 1 normal physiologic fxns, and COX 2 made under inflamm response. Want to inhibit 2.

Front 69

COX stands for what and what does it make? Lioxygenase makes what?

Back 69

Cyclooxygenase, prostaglandins and thromboxane 2. Leukotrienes.

Front 70

Whats dangerous about prostaglandin F2alpha?

Back 70

Can be absorbed through skin, respiratory tract. Can cause abortion in all species.

Front 71

PI2 inhibits what? Which drug is most effective for this?

Back 71

Platelet aggregation. Aspirin.

Front 72

Which prostaglandins act to inc blood flow and GFR?

Back 72

E2 and I2

Front 73

Prostaglandins do what to the GI tract?

Back 73

Inhibit astric acid secretion, inc mucous and bicarb secretion

Front 74

Which drugs can you give for gastrointestinal ulceration?

Back 74

Misoprotosol, cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole-this one is the best drug for prophylaxis of NSAID ulceration.

Front 75

What are the cardinal signs of imflammation?

Back 75

Heat, redness, swelling, pain

Front 76

How do you classify NSAIDS, and do they have an analgesic effect in Non-inflammed tissue?

Back 76

By Cox inhibition or non-inhibition. No, flunixin is exception though.

Front 77

What does aspirin inhibit in the inflamm response?

Back 77

Thromboxane A2 synthesis.

Front 78

NSAID pharmacokinetics: Is half life variable?

Back 78

Yes, b/c of differences in systemic clearance. Theres a poor correlation to duration of action vs. half life., correlates better with nature of binding.

Front 79

How are NSAIDS eliminated and why are cats sensitive to NSAIDS?

Back 79

Form conjugates with glucaronic acid. Cats dont have this.

Front 80

NSAID side effx? Dont use with which other drugs?

Back 80

GI ulceration most common. Dont use with gluccocorticoids.

Front 81

NSAID drug interactions.

Back 81

These acidic drugs are highly protein bound and can displace ot be displaced based on protein binding.

Front 82

How does Furosemide work? (Nsaid)

Back 82

Reduces payloa through prostaglandin. Increases synthesis of prostaglandin.

Front 83

Why dont we use aspirin in cats? What happends to aspirin in horses?

Back 83

Lack glucoronyl conjugation system. Eliminate quickly due to alkaline urine.

Front 84

Which NSAID dont we use in dogs and why?

Back 84

Naproxen b/c of enterhepatic circulation leading to long half life. Dont use ibeuprofen either.

Front 85

Meclofenacmic acid is what type of drug and is used on which animal?

Back 85

NSAID, dogs. It is toxic though, has a narrow TI. Little info on safety and efficacy on horses.

Front 86

Flunixin is what type of drug and used in which animals and why?

Back 86

Potent NSAID. Used in horses. Control pain that only responds to opioids.

Front 87

Which NSAID is the preferred drug for control of visceral pain and inflammation in colic?

Back 87

Flunixin.

Front 88

Flunixin should not be given to which animals and why?

Back 88

Cats, dogs b/c it is quite toxic.

Front 89

Phenylbutazone is what type of drug and is given to which animals for what?

Back 89

Nsaid given to horses for lameness and musculoskeletal problems. Dont use in dogs, better ones out there.

Front 90

Acetominophen is not used in which species and why? What is its antidote?

Back 90

Cats, b/c they lack gluconyl transferase enzyme. Antidote is N-acetylcysteine.

Front 91

What is the NSAID of choice for cat?

Back 91

Ketoprofen

Front 92

Meloxicam is what type of drug and is FDA approved for which animal? How is it given?

Back 92

Nsaid, cats. Give one SQ dose.

Front 93

Tepoxalin is what type of drug and how does it work?

Back 93

Nsaid. Dual inhibitor of aa metabolism. Inhibits COX enzyme and lipoxygenase enzyme (Leukotriene).

Front 94

Etodolac is what type of drug and is not used in which species?

Back 94

Nsaid not used in cats!!

Front 95

Declofenac sodium is what type of drug and is usually given to treat what?

Back 95

Nsaid given topically for tx of uveitis.

Front 96

Piroxicam is what type of drug and how is it special? Is it a safe drug?

Back 96

Nsaid capable of antitummor properties. May inhibit angiogenesis @ tumor site. Not the safest, has a narrow TI. Dont give to cats.

Front 97

Orgotein is what type of drug and shouldnt be given to patients with what type of history?

Back 97

NSAID not inhibiting COX. Dont use in patients with previous hpersensitivity to drug or bovine protein.

Front 98

DMSO is what type of drug?

Back 98

NSAID no inhibiting Cox

Front 99

Can DMSO cross all biological membranes?

Back 99

Yes, w/o even causing damage.

Front 100

What is DMSO used for? How is it applied?

Back 100

Reduce swelling of musculoskeletal trauma and acute CNS trauma. Apply topically.

Front 101

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan is what type of drug and is used for what?

Back 101

NSAID w/o inibition of COX used topically in dogs, horses for indolent corneal ulcer.

Front 102

Polysuulfated glycosaminoglycan is structurally similar to what, and how does it work?

Back 102

Similar to mucopolysaccharides, and it binds damaged cartilage and protects it-chondroprotective.

Front 103

Hyaluronic acid is chemically different between species T/F

Back 103

False, identical regardless of species.

Front 104

What are the actions of hyaluronic acid?

Back 104

Binds in the joint and lubricates, absorbes shock, anti-inflamm effect by scavenging free radicals. Improves nutrion of articular cartilage as well.

Front 105

What is ketoconzole used for?

Back 105

A tx for cushings disease. Inhibits steroid (glucorticoid) synthesis. Used when op'DDD doesnt work. BID. Not used in cats.

Front 106

What is trilostane used for?

Back 106

Tx for cushings. Inhibits corticosterone and aldosterone synthesis. May see addisons. Most stable

Front 107

L-deprenyl is used to tx what?

Back 107

PDH cushings. Increases domapine and inhibits ACTH.

Front 108

Which mineralcorticoid is given for acute and chronic addisons?

Back 108

Fludrocortisone

Front 109

When mineralcorticoid is given for acute addisons?

Back 109

Deoxycorticosterone pivalate

Front 110

Name the places opiates inhibit pain perception in the CNS?

Back 110

Dorsal horn, hypothalamus, medulla, spinal cord

Front 111

Name the places opiates inhibit pain perception peripherally?

Back 111

GI and pituitary

Front 112

Name the 3 families of opioid peptides

Back 112

Met, leu-enkephalins. beta-endorphin. Dynorphin A

Front 113

Met, leu-enkephalins work on which opiate subtype of rcptr?

Back 113

Delta, for emotion

Front 114

beta-endorphins act on which opiate rcptr subtype?

Back 114

mu 1,2 for analgesia

Front 115

Dynorphin A acts on which opiate rcptr subtype?

Back 115

kappa 1,2,3 for anti tussive and analgesia FX.

Front 116

What is the precursor protein for enkephlin and endorphin?

Back 116

Prepro-opiomelanocortin. Makes it inn response to stress. Gets cleaved into precursors for pain killers.

Front 117

How do opiods work to get rid of pain?

Back 117

Override pain pathways. Tx visceral pain. Inhibit transmissions and stimulate desn inhibitory pathways mediated through interneurons

Front 119

Do opiods inhibit adenylate cyclase? If so, whats the effect?

Back 119

Yes. This will lead to an increase in cAMP. When opiod use stops, hish cAMP yeilds withdrawl symptoms. Adenylate cyclase levels need to return to normal to rid cAMP. THis is withdrawl period.

Front 120

Which opiate subtype rcptr does morphine work on?

Back 120

mu big time +++. d and k just +. Causes analgesia and resp depression

Front 121

Butorphanol and pentazocine work on which opiate rcptr subtypes?

Back 121

k ++. Cause sedation and analgesia.

Front 122

Naloxone and diprenorphine do what?

Back 122

Tx opiate overdose. Have a greater affinity for opiod rcptr.

Front 123

What does glargine do?

Back 123

Its an insulin replacement used in cats primarily. Its human mutated recombinant.

Front 124

What is vetsulin?

Back 124

Only approved insulin replacement. Comes from pigs. Administer 2x daily to cats and dogs.

Front 125

Sulfonylreas meglitinides is what type of drug?

Back 125

Stimulates pancreas to make more insulin. Ised in type 2 diabetes. Cats only.

Front 126

Thiazolidinediones biuanides do what?

Back 126

Sensitize body to insulin. Works inc cats

Front 127

Glipizide is what?

Back 127

Stims beta cells to make insulin. Most used for cats. Only type 2.