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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacology Definition
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the study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
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pharmacotherapy
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the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes
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medications
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drugs given for therapeutic purposes
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chemical characteristics"
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prototype
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first drug in a group, sets the standard by which all other drugs in the group are measured (penicillin for antibs, morphine for analgesics, etc.)
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generic name
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related to the chemical or official name of the drug (amoxicillin)
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trade name
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designated and patented by the manufacturer - amoxil, trimox, zoloft, etc.
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drug approval process
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4 phases of testing and clinical trials, then FDA approval
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phase 1 clinical trials
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15-20 healthy volunteers - watching absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity
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phase 2 clinical trials
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50-100 people with disease
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phase 3 clinical trials
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10-15,000 people with disease - do benefits outweigh the risks? Leads up to the FDA approval.
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Phase 4 clinical trials
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following FDA approval, goes on for 15 years, drug is marketed for use with continued data collection for safety - this is the phase nurses are constantly directly involved in.
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can a client experience systemic effects of local drugs and local effects of systemic drugs?
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yes, for instance, if lidocaine is placed near an open wound, it could enter the bloodstream and have a systemic effect.
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pharmacokinetics
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absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
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absorption
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"process occurs from the time the drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream
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first-pass effect
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when a drug is given orally, it is absorbed from the GI tract and carried to the liver for metabolism via portal circulation - some of the drug is metabolized in the liver
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distribution
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"drugs carried by blood and tissues to sites of action, metabolism and excretion
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protein binding
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drugs that bind to protein can be longer lasting or slow release. they are only released from their protein binding when the serum level is low. only free or unbound portion of drug can act because of size.
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metabolism
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breaking down a drug into its useable form
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what happens if 2 drugs compete for protein-binding sites?
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one drug will be displaced due to lack of adequate binding spots and therefore have a higher serum level - could be a big problem
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some drugs that are highly protein bound:
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"warfarin
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effect of long term malnutrition on protein binding meds
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more drug circulates in blood due to lack of binding sites, increases serum level, has a stronger effect on the patient
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excretion requirements
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"good circulation system
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MEC
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minimum effective concentration - minimum serum level required for drug to have pharmacologic effect on cells
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duration of action
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time taht the serum blood levels are above the MEC
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toxic concentration
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excessive levels of a drug - either from one overdose, repeated doses, or slow metabolism of properly administered doses
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serum half-life
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amount of time required for blood serum level of a drug to decrease by 50%
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pharmacodynamics
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the action of a drug on a cell
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receptor theory
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primarily agonists and antagonists (agonists stimulate a cell to do its function, antagonists block a cell from doing its function) this is how antidotes work
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nonreceptor actions
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"environmental changes like acid environment, osmolality
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enteral
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oral administration
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parenteral
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injected administration
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client related variables
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age, pregnancy, body weight, genetic and ethnic characteristics, gender, pathologic conditions, psychological conditions (placebo)
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