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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Crude Drug
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Natural source from whole plant or animal
coffee, tea, marijuana |
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Pure drug
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pure substances isolated from natural products
accurately quantified and formulated for use in living organisms morphine, aspirin |
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Pharmaceutical Preparations
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formulated in a way that facilitates administration to a living animal
acetaminophen, insulin injections |
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Tablets
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mixture of active and inert ingredients compressed into disks
oral or sublingual administration |
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Capsules
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drug enclosed in a gelatin shell
primarily for oral administration |
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Skin Patches
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transdermal administration
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Ointments, creams, lotions
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adheres to skin or mucous membranes
for topical administration |
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Solutions and suspensions
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oral, parenteral, ocular, otic, or nasal administration
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Sprays and aerosols
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nasal or inhalational administration
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Immediate release preparations
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rapidly disintegrate in body fluids
drug is immediately available for absorption |
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Sustained-release (extended-release) preparations
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slowly release the drug for absorption
transdermal (skin patches) |
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Enteral
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administered into the gastrointestinal tract
Oral, Sublingual, Rectal |
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Parenteral
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administered with a needle/syringe or an infusion set
intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, epidural |
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Drug Names
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Chemical Name
Non-proprietary name: generic Proprietary name: trade name, brand name |
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Pharmacokinetics
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The study of drug disposition in body
plasma drug concentration |
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ADME
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Absorption-movement from administration into plasma
Distribution-movement from plasma to tissue Metabolism-enzyme alteration of drug Excretion-removal |
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Enteral:
Oral |
Adv: Most convenient, Safest (slowly absorbed)
Dis: drugs destroyed by pH, slow onset, irregular absorption |
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Enteral:
Sublingual, buccal |
Adv: direct absorp, avoids first pass, quick
Dis: unpleasant |
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Enteral:
Rectal |
Adv: direct absorp, avoids first pass
Dis: irritating |
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Parenteral:
Subcutaneous |
Adv: direct into circulation, avoids first pass, prompt and accurate
Dis: syringes needed, hard to administer, little time to avoid drug reactions |
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Parenteral:
Intramuscular |
Adv: Direct, avoid first pass, very rapid, larger volume available
Dis: syringes, painful |
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Parenteral:
Intravenous |
Adv: rapid and controlled, 100% availability
Dis: preperation, overdose cant be stopped, difficulty calculating dosage |
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Ion Trapping
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non-charged drug crosses the cell membrane, becomes charged (lower pH) and cant leave
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Organ Blood Flow
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rate of drug delivery due to cardiac output to organ
fast: brain, heart, kidney, liver slow: SM, skin, bone, adipose |
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Plasma Protein binding
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Weak acid drugs bind to serum albumins
Weak basic drugs bind to serum glycoproteins and beta-globulins |
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Blood brain barrier
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The entry of drugs is restricted into the CNS and CSF
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Blood-placenta barrier
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fetus is exposed to drugs the mother ingests at anytime during the pregnancy
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Mammary transfer of drugs
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breast milk is acidic so basic drugs concentrate in this fluid (“ion trapping”)
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Volume of Distribution (Vd)
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volume of fluid in which a drug would need to be dissolved in to have the same concentration as it does in plasma
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Metabolism (Biotransformation)
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making a drug more polar
can reduce drug activity, increase it, or even make it toxic |
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First-pass effect
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drugs in GI tract go straight to liver where they are metabolized before entering circulation
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Systemic Drug Metabolism
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reduces activity and accelerates removal of drug from body
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