Pharm - Quiz 2

Front 1

Pharmacodynamics

Back 1

The mechanisms of drug action in living tissue

Front 2

Therapeutic effect

Back 2

A positive change in a faulty system
-+/- Rate at which cells or tissues function
- Modify strength of the function itself of the cell or tissue that is the drug’s target

Front 3

Agonist

Back 3

Enhances the drug effect
- Fits like a key. The better the fit, the more effect

Front 4

Antagonist

Back 4

Attaches to the receptor, but does not elicit response

Front 5

Agonist-antagonist

Back 5

Drugs that attach, elicit some response and also block other responses

Front 6

Enzyme interactions

Back 6

Inhibit or enhance the action of a specific enzymes (ACE inhibites/antigiotensin converting enzyme

Front 7

Nonspecific interactions

Back 7

Targets cell membranes & cell processes (antibiotic & chemo agents

Front 8

Acute therapy

Back 8

Sustain life and treat disease

Front 9

Maintenance Therapy

Back 9

Chronic illness

Front 10

Supplemental/replacement therapy

Back 10

Insulin

Front 11

Palliative therapy

Back 11

Pain, meds, oxygen

Front 12

Supportive Therapy

Back 12

Maintains integrity of bodily function

Front 13

Prophylactic therapy

Back 13

Prevent illness or undesirable outcome

Front 14

Empiric Therapy

Back 14

Based on experience

Front 15

Monitoring

Back 15

Be familiar with the drugs:
- Intended therapeutic action (beneficial)
- Unintended but potential adverse effects

Front 16

Therapeutic index

Back 16

Ratio of drugs toxic to therapeutic level

Front 17

Drug concentration

Back 17

Measures of toxic levels

Front 18

Tolerance and dependence -

Back 18

Decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Physiological or psychological need for a drug

Front 19

Interactions:

Back 19

Drug, food, other substances

Front 20

Additive effects

Back 20

1+1 = 2; response is equal to combined responses of individual drugs

Front 21

Synergist effects

Back 21

1+1= 3 response is greater than

Front 22

Potentiation

Back 22

0+1 = 1 drug with no effect enhances effect of second drug

Front 23

Antagonist effect

Back 23

1+1 = 2 or 0; drug inhibits effects – one drug cancels out the effect of the other

Front 24

Incompatibility

Back 24

IV or IM – two drugs result in undesirable response
I.e. anaphylactic, cardiac response

Front 25

Enzyme

Back 25

Catalyzes a reaction

Front 26

Adverse drug reaction

Back 26

Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs as therapeutic dosages

Front 27

Monitor

Back 27

Pain scale
Vital signs
Lab results
- Checked after dose has been allowed to take effect

Front 28

Adverse Drug Reaction

Back 28

Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic dosages

Front 29

Idiosyncratic reaction

Back 29

Occurs unexpectedly in a particular patient

Front 30

Teratogenic

Back 30

Result in structural effects to the developing fetus

Front 31

Mutagenic

Back 31

Permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms

Front 32

Why are children most vulnerable

Back 32

- Smaller
- Undeveloped immune system

Front 33

Why are elderly more vulnerable -

Back 33

Physiological changes resulting in the decline f body functions

Front 34

Pregnancy -

Back 34

drugs cross the placenta by diffusion]- fetus at
- greatest risk during the first trimester
- Last trimester – greater amount of drug crosses the placenta due to placenta development
- maternal factors esp. liver and kidneys

Front 35

Pregnancy Safety based Catagories Fetal- Risk Studies

Back 35

A – No risk to fetus
B – No risk to animals, human info unavailable
C- Adverse effects in animals, human info unavailable
D – Possible fetal risk in humans - must consider benefit vs risk
X – Fetal abnormalites

Front 36

Pediatric considerations

Back 36

Pharmacokinetics considering in pediatric patients
- higher water content
- immaturity of organs
- more susepetable to toxicity,

Front 37

BSA Body surface area

Back 37

Pediatrics dosage calculations
(BMI in adult)

Front 38

Geriatric Considerations

Back 38

-decline in organ function or depression of metabolizing enzymes
-older adults proportionally the more prescription and OTC meds
-Polypharmacy – use of many different drugs concurrently
-Common drugs – Beta blockers, digitalis, diuretics, insulin, and K+ supplements
-Common OTC drugs – analgesics, laxatives, NSAIDS (Non-steroidal)

Front 39

Physiological Changes -

Back 39

Cardiovascular – decreased absorption and distribution
- GI – altered absorption, delayed excretion
- Hepatic – decreased metabolism
- Renal – decreased excretion
-ALSO : decreased body water, decreased lean body mass, increased fat content

Front 40

Opiods & the Elderly Patient -Confusion

Back 40

- decreased respitory rate,
- falls

Front 41

Anticoagulants & the Elderly Patient

Back 41

- increased Bleeding
- Drug and dietary interactions

Front 42

Antihypertensives & the Elderly Patient

Back 42

- Heart Failure
- decreased BP & HR
teach pts – monitor HR/BP, cautious of falls/machinery

Front 43

Cardiac glycosides & the Elderly Patient

Back 43

Treats Dysrhythmis
Side effects - Visual disturbances, nausea
Teach pts. – monitor HR/ BP

Front 44

CNS depressants & the Elderly Patient -

Back 44

sedation
-weakness
-confusion
- urinary retention

Front 45

Sedatives, hypnotics & the Elderly Patient

Back 45

- Confusion
- Daytime sedation
- forgetfulness (beyond normal congnitive decline)
- falls

Front 46

Thiazide diuretics & the Elderly Patient

Back 46

- Fluid & electrolyte imbalance
- fatigue
- dehydration

Front 47

Medication reconciliation

Back 47

What meds is pt on, and which should be eliminated, which should be added. To avoid overdose of Prescriptive and OTC similar drugs

Front 48

Elderly patients & Bladder flow obstruction

Back 48

Avoid Anticholinergics and antihistimines

Front 49

Elderly patients & Clotting disorders

Back 49

Avoid NSAIDs, ASA, antiplate-let drugs

Front 50

Elderly patients & CODP

Back 50

Avoid – sedatives/hypnotics, narcotics, beta blockers
- decreased repiratory drive

Front 51

Elderly patients & Heart failure, hypertension

Back 51

Sodium, decongestants, OTC cold remedies, amphetamines
-contain vasoconstrictors & epinephrines – raises BP

Front 52

Elderly patients & Syncope,

Back 52

falls Sedatives, hynotics, narcotics, CNS depressants

Front 53

Cultural Considerations

Back 53

Environmental, cultural and genetics

Front 54

Cultural influences

Back 54

-complience
- alternative therapies,: herbal, homeopathic, acupuncture, cupping, home remedies, cold/hot…
-diet: amount of fat, malnutrition
- genetic factors: slow/rapid acetylation; G6PD (particular enzyme)
- health benefits : balance, bad luck, bad deed, religious beliefs & practices

Front 55

ASA

Back 55

Aspirin

Front 56

NSAIDs

Back 56

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Front 57

Culture

Back 57

An integrated systems of beliefs values and customs, that are handed down from generations

Front 58

Cultural competence

Back 58

The ability to work with patients with considerations with a cultural context regarding a patients heath

Front 59

Drug polymorhpism

Back 59

Effect of a patients age, gender, size, body composition on pharmacokinetics.