Pharm Oneliners - Most Updated 5-6-2010

Front 1

Basic Pharmacokinetics

Front 2

Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value; this is a constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)

Back 2

Half-life (T1/2)

Front 3

Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration

Back 3

Volume of distribution (VD)

Front 4

Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time

Back 4

Cp

Front 5

The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration

Back 5

Clearance (CL)

Front 6

The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation

Back 6

First pass effect

Front 7

The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation

Back 7

Bioavailability (F)

Front 8

When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination

Back 8

Steady state

Front 9

Metabolism

Front 10

This step of metabolism makes a drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination

Back 10

Phase I

Front 11

Different steps of Phase I

Back 11

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Front 12

Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

Back 12

Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin

Barb dont eat Carbs and downs Riphen-Phen to INDUCE wt loss

Front 13

Inhibitors of CYP450 (5)

Back 13

Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit juice

Front 14

Products of Phase II conjugation (3)

Back 14

Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate

Front 15

Type of kinetics when a constant percentage of substrate is metabolized per unit time

Back 15

First order kinetics

Front 16

Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration

Back 16

Zero order kinetics

Front 17

Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)

Back 17

Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))

Front 18

Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)

Back 18

Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))

Front 19

Pharmacodynamics

Front 20

Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor

Back 20

Affinity

Front 21

Selectivity of a drug for its receptor

Back 21

Specificity

Front 22

Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect

Back 22

Potency

Front 23

Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect

Back 23

Efficacy

Front 24

Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency

Back 24

Full agonist

Front 25

Ability to produce less than 100% of the response

Back 25

Partial agonist

Front 26

Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system

Back 26

Competitive antagonist

Front 27

Class of drugs with ability to decrease the maximal response to an agonist

Back 27

Noncompetitive antagonist

Front 28

A hormone whose mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors (2)

Back 28

Thyroid and steroid hormones

Front 29

A hormone whose MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors

Back 29

Insulin

Front 30

Classes of drugs whose MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels (2)

Back 30

Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers

Front 31

Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population

Back 31

ED50

Front 32

Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population

Back 32

TD50

Front 33

Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population

Back 33

LD50

Front 34

Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect

Back 34

Therapeutic index

Front 35

Term for a high margin of safety

Back 35

High therapeutic index

Front 36

Term for a narrow margin of safety

Back 36

Low therapeutic index

Front 37

Antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 38

Antidote used for lead poisoning

Back 38

Dimercaprol, EDTA

Front 39

Antidote used for cyanide poisoning

Back 39

Nitrites

Front 40

Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning

Back 40

Physostigmine

Front 41

Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning

Back 41

Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Front 42

Antidote used for iron salt toxicity

Back 42

Deferoxamine

Front 43

Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity

Back 43

N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

Front 44

Antidote for arsenic, mercury, lead, and gold poisoning

Back 44

Dimercaprol

Front 45

Antidote used in poisonings: copper (Wilson's disease), lead, mercury, and arsenic

Back 45

Penicillamine

Front 46

Antidote used for heparin overdose

Back 46

Protamine

Front 47

Antidote used for warfarin toxicity

Back 47

Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

Front 48

Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase

Back 48

Aminocaproic acid

Front 49

Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol (2)

Back 49

Ethanol or fomepizole

Front 50

Antidote used for opioid toxicity

Back 50

Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)

Front 51

Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity

Back 51

Flumazenil

Front 52

Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Back 52

Sodium bicarbonate

Front 53

Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 53

100% O2 and hyperbaric O2

Front 54

Antidote used for digitalis toxicity

Back 54

Digibind
(also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and give lidocaine if pt. is arrhythmic)

Front 55

Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)

Back 55

Esmolol

Front 56

Antidote for methotrexate toxicity

Back 56

Leucovorin

Front 57

Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia

Back 57

Glucagon

Front 58

Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes

Back 58

Magnesium sulfate

Front 59

Antidote for hyperkalemia

Back 59

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

Front 60

Antidote for salicylate intoxication (2)

Back 60

Alkalinize urine, dialysis

Front 61

Cancer Chemotherapy

Front 62

Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number

Back 62

Log-kill hypothesis

Front 63

Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously

Back 63

Pulse therapy

Front 64

Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents

Back 64

Rescue therapy

Front 65

Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates

Back 65

Allopurinol

Front 66

Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thymine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue

Back 66

5-flouracil (5-FU)

Front 67

Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms

Back 67

Prednisone

Front 68

Side effect of Mitomycin

Back 68

SEVERE myelosuppression

Front 69

MOA of cisplatin

Back 69

Alkylating agent

Front 70

Common toxicities of cisplatin

Back 70

Nephro and ototoxicity

Front 71

Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation

Back 71

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Front 72

Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP

Back 72

Allopurinol

Front 73

May protect against doxorubicin toxicity by scavenging free radicals

Back 73

Dexrazoxane

Front 74

Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis

Back 74

Bleomycin

Front 75

Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm

Back 75

Testicular cancer

Front 76

ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP

Back 76

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine

Front 77

Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 77

CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) plus rituximab

Front 78

Regimen used for breast cancer

Back 78

CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+

Front 79

Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation

Back 79

Mechlorethamine

Front 80

Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 80

Cyclophosphamide

Front 81

Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 81

Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)

Front 82

Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation

Back 82

Vincristine

Front 83

Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase

Back 83

Paclitaxel (taxol)

Pacman eats and they Freeze

Front 84

Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides

Back 84

Cisplatin

Front 85

Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression

Back 85

Carboplatin

Front 86

Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)

Back 86

L-asparaginase

Front 87

Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells

Back 87

Interferon alpha

I Found A hairy patient

Front 88

Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer

Back 88

Flutamide (Eulexin)

Front 89

Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer

Back 89

Tamoxifen

Front 90

Aromatase inhibitor used in breast cancer

Back 90

Letrozole, anastrozole

Let Ana's aroma Taze you

Front 91

Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer

Back 91

Toremifene (Fareston)

Front 92

Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs (6)

Back 92

Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids,
antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)

Front 93

Some cell cycle non-specific drugs (6)

Back 93

Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea

Front 94

Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonists

Back 94

Odansetron, granisetron

Front 95

Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors

Back 95

Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)

Front 96

Anticancer drug that produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol

Back 96

Procarbazine

Front 97

Endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 98

Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors

Back 98

Octreotide

Front 99

Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)

Back 99

Somatrem

Front 100

GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent

Back 100

Sermorelin

Front 101

GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively

Back 101

Leuprolide

Front 102

GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility

Back 102

Ganirelix

Front 103

Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia

Back 103

Bromocriptine

Front 104

Hormone inhibiting prolactin release

Back 104

Dopamine

Front 105

ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality

Back 105

Cosyntropin

for an ACTHual diagnosis you must Co-Sign the form.

Front 106

Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis

Back 106

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Front 107

SE of OCPs

Back 107

Increased thromboembolic events

Front 108

Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs

Front 109

Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain

Back 109

L-thyroxine (T4)

Front 110

T3 compound less widely used

Back 110

Cytomel (liothyronine)

Front 111

Anti-thyroid drugs (4)

Back 111

Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate

Front 112

Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism

Back 112

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

Theo was hyper so they PUT him in a Meth Maze

Front 113

Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy

Back 113

PTU

Front 114

PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA

Back 114

Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin

Front 115

Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism

Back 115

Iodide salts

Front 116

Dose may need to be increased during pregnancy or with Ocs due to increased TBG in plasma

Back 116

Thyroxine

Front 117

Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 117

Radioactive iodine

Front 118

Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 118

Ipodate

Front 119

Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 119

Beta-blockers such as propranolol

Front 120

Vitamins containing iron should NOT be taken simultaneously with levothyroxine because

Back 120

Iron deiodinates thyroxine

Front 121

Thyroxine dose may need to be increased in hypothyroid patient during pregnancy because

Back 121

Estogens increase maternal TBG

Front 122

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagonists

Front 123

3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products

Back 123

Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)

Front 124

Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex

Back 124

GFR

Front 125

Agents used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)

Back 125

Glucocorticoids

Front 126

Short acting glucocorticoids

Back 126

Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)

Front 127

Intermediate acting glucocorticoids

Back 127

Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone

Front 128

Long acting glucocorticoids

Back 128

Betamethasone and dexamethasone

Front 129

Mineralocorticoids (2)

Back 129

Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

Front 130

Some side effects of corticosteroids (11)

Back 130

Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, stria, thinning of skin,
increased appetite, PUD, HTN, edema,
increased risk of infection,
euphoria, psychosis

Front 131

Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered

Back 131

5-7 days

Front 132

Inhibitors of corticosteroids biosynthesis

Front 133

Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid)

Back 133

Dexamethasone suppression test

Front 134

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

Back 134

Aminoglutethimide

Front 135

Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids

Back 135

Ketoconazole

Front 136

Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor

Back 136

Mifepristone

Front 137

Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors

Back 137

Spironolactone

Front 138

Common SE of spironolactone

Back 138

Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia

Front 139

Gonadal hormones and inhibitors

Front 140

Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss

Back 140

Estrogen

Front 141

Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively

Back 141

Clomiphene and tamoxifen

fertility - clone a fiend

Front 142

Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene

Back 142

Hot flashes

Boob meds give hot flashes

Front 143

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and prophylaxis in women with risk factors for breast cancer

Back 143

Raloxifene

Front 144

Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy

Back 144

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Front 145

Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC) (2)

Back 145

Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol

Front 146

Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient

Back 146

Mifepristone (RU-486)

Front 147

Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)

Back 147

Combination oral contraceptives (OC)

Front 148

Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch

Back 148

Ortho-Evra

Front 149

Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase

Back 149

Testosterone

Front 150

5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness

Back 150

Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)

Front 151

Anabolic steroids that have potential for abuse (3)

Back 151

Nandrolone, oxymetholone, and oxandrolone

Nan is a strong as 2 Oxen drones on Meth

Front 152

Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females

Back 152

Cyproterone acetate

cypro-Hair-gone

Front 153

Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility

Back 153

Leuprolide

Front 154

Pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 155

What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 155

Glucagon

Front 156

What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 156

Insulin

Front 157

Where are beta cells found in the pancreas?

Back 157

Islets of Langerhans

Front 158

What do delta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 158

Somatostatin

Front 159

Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse

Back 159

C-peptide

Front 160

Exogenous insulin contains

Back 160

Little C-peptide

Front 161

Endogenous insulin contains

Back 161

Normal C-peptide

Front 162

Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action

Back 162

Lispro (Humalog), aspart, glulisine

Front 163

Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia

Back 163

Regular (Humulin R)

Front 164

Long acting insulin

Back 164

Ultralente (humulin U)

Front 165

Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action (2)

Back 165

Glargine (Lantus), detemir

Front 166

Major SE of insulin

Back 166

Hypoglycemia

Front 167

Receptor important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Back 167

GLUT 2

Front 168

Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation

Back 168

GLUT 4

Front 169

Two examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)

Back 169

Acarbose, miglitol

Front 170

MOA of AGI's

Back 170

Act on intestine, delay digestion and absorption of glucose formed from digestion of starch and disacchrides

Front 171

SE of AGI's (3)

Back 171

Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Front 172

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's

Back 172

Acarbose

Front 173

Amino acid derivative, active as an insulin secretagogue

Back 173

Nateglinide (Starlix)

Front 174

MOA of nateglinide

Back 174

Insulin secretagogue - closes ATP-sensitive K+ channel

Front 175

Biguanide

Back 175

Metformin

Front 176

Drugs available in combination with metformin

Back 176

Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone (Glucovance, Metaglip, Avondamet)

Front 177

MOA of metformin (3)

Back 177

Decreases hepatic glucose production
Decrease intestinal glucose absorption
Increase insulin sensitivity

Front 178

Vascular effects of metformin

Back 178

Decreased micro and macro vascular disease

Front 179

Most important potential SE of metformin

Back 179

Lactic acidosis

Front 180

Incidence of hypoglycemia with metformin

Back 180

none

Front 181

Meglitinide class of drugs

Back 181

Repaglinide

Front 182

MOA of repaglinide

Back 182

Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea

Front 183

First generation sulfonylureas (3)

Back 183

Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.

Front 184

Second generation sulfonylurea (3)

Back 184

Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.

Front 185

MOA of both generations of sulfonylureas

Back 185

Cause insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels

Front 186

Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide

Back 186

Hypoglycemia

Front 187

Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life

Back 187

Chlorpropamide

Front 188

Thiazolidinediones (3)

Back 188

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)

Front 189

Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market

Back 189

Hepatic toxicity

Front 190

MOA of thiazolindinediones

Back 190

Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism

Front 191

SE of Thiazolindinediones (3)

Back 191

Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism

Front 192

Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation

Back 192

Glucagon

Front 193

Drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 194

Available bisphosphonates (6)

Back 194

Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid

come to Z bone PEAR-T

Front 195

MOA of Bisphosphonates

Back 195

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption

Front 196

Only bisphosphonate available IV

Back 196

Etidronate

Front 197

Uses of bisphosphonates (4)

Back 197

Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy

Front 198

Major SE of bisphosphonates

Back 198

Chemical esophagitis

esophogonates

Front 199

Bisphosphonate that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia

Back 199

Etidronate

Front 200

Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women

Back 200

Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)

Front 201

Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA prophylaxis

Back 201

Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)

Front 202

Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption

Back 202

Calcitonin (salmon prep)

Front 203

Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg

Back 203

Calcium

Front 204

Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption

Back 204

Vitamin D

Front 205

Drugs with important actions on smooth muscle

Front 206

Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids

Back 206

St. Anthony's Fire

Front 207

Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides

Back 207

Autocoids

Front 208

Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea

Back 208

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Front 209

Drug that causes contraction of the uterus

Back 209

Oxytocin

Front 210

Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3

Back 210

Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively

Front 211

Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors (2)

Back 211

Diphenhydramine and cimetidine, respectively

Front 212

1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating

Back 212

Diphendydramine

Front 213

1st generation antihistamines that are least sedating (2)

Back 213

Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine

Front 214

2nd generation antihistamines (3)

Back 214

fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
Allegra, Claritin, Zyrtec

Front 215

Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects

Back 215

First generation due to being more lipid-soluble

Front 216

Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist

Back 216

Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction

Front 217

Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive

Back 217

hydroxyzine (Atarax)

Front 218

H1 antagonist used in motion sickness (3)

Back 218

Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation

Front 219

Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines

Back 219

Sedation

Front 220

Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.

Back 220

Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)

aSTEMIzole

Front 221

H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs

Back 221

Cimetidine

Front 222

Clinical use for H2 blockers

Back 222

Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease

Front 223

Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located where?
What do they do?

Back 223

Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance

Front 224

5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches (3)

Back 224

Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan

Front 225

Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation

Back 225

Sumatriptan

Front 226

H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist

Back 226

Cyproheptadine

Front 227

Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding (3)

Back 227

Oxytocin, ergonovine and ergotamine

Front 228

Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor (3)

Back 228

Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine

Front 229

5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced
emesis (4)

Back 229

Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, alosetron

Front 230

5HT-3 antagonist that has been associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease

Back 230

Dolasetron

Front 231

DOC to treat chemo-induced nausea and vomiting

Back 231

Odansetron

Front 232

Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene

Back 232

Nitroprusside

Front 233

Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 233

Uterine contractions

Front 234

SE of ergot alkaloids

Back 234

Hallucinations resembling psychosis

Front 235

Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug

Back 235

LSD

Front 236

Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia

Back 236

Bromocriptine

Front 237

Peptides causing increased capillary permeability and edema (2)

Back 237

Bradykinin and histamine

Front 238

Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema

Back 238

Bradykinin

Front 239

Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)

Back 239

Capsaicin

Front 240

Prostaglandins that cause abortions

Back 240

Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha

Front 241

Difference between COX 1 and COX 2

Back 241

COX 1 is found throughout the body and COX 2 is only in inflammatory tissue

Front 242

Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2

Back 242

Celecoxib and rofecoxib

Front 243

Inhibitor of lipoxygenase

Back 243

zileuton (Zyflo)

Front 244

Major SE of zileuton

Back 244

Liver toxicity

Front 245

Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma

Back 245

Zafirlukast and montelukast

Front 246

Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis

Back 246

PGE1

Front 247

Prostaglandin approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN

Back 247

PGI2 (epoprostenol)

Front 248

Prostaglandin used in the treatment of impotence

Back 248

Alprostadil

Front 249

Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor

Back 249

Aspirin

Front 250

Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX

Back 250

NSAIDS

Front 251

Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase

Back 251

Arginine

Front 252

MOA and effect of nitric oxide

Back 252

Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Front 253

Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma

Back 253

Salmeterol

Front 254

Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma

Back 254

Ipratropium

Front 255

MOA action of cromolyn

Back 255

Mast cell stabilizer

Front 256

Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication

Back 256

Pentoxifylline

Front 257

MOA of corticosteroids"

Back 257

inhibit phospholipase A2

Front 258

SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy

Back 258

Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively

Front 259

Antimicrobials

Front 260

MOA of quinolones

Back 260

Inhibit DNA gyrase

Front 261

MOA of penicillin

Back 261

Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage

Front 262

Drug used for MRSA

Back 262

Vancomycin

Front 263

Vancomycin MOA

Back 263

Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 264

Type of resistance found with vancomycin

Back 264

Point mutation

Front 265

Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients

Back 265

Rifampin

Front 266

Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it

Back 266

Scotch tape technique and mebendazole

Front 267

Two toxicities of aminoglycosides

Back 267

nephro and ototoxicity

Front 268

DOC for Legionnaires' disease

Back 268

Erythromycin

Front 269

MOA of sulfonamides

Back 269

Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase

Front 270

Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria

Back 270

Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin

Front 271

Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC for otitis media

Back 271

Amoxicillin

Front 272

Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins

Back 272

Cephalosporins

Front 273

PCN active against pseudomonas

Back 273

Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin

Front 274

Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention

Back 274

Vancomycin, infusion at a slow rate and antihistamines

Front 275

Drug causes teeth discoloration

Back 275

Tetracycline

Front 276

MOA of tetracycline

Back 276

Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome

Front 277

Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia

Back 277

Chloramphenicol

Front 278

Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis

Back 278

Clindamycin

Front 279

DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis

Back 279

Metronidazole

Front 280

Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis

Back 280

ORAL vancomycin

Front 281

Anemia caused by trimethoprim

Back 281

Megaloblastic anemia

[TMP inhibits dihydrofolate reductase --> defect in folate metabolism --> megaloblastic anemia]

Front 282

Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy

Back 282

Cartilage damage

Front 283

DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas

Back 283

Metronidazole

Front 284

Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)

Back 284

Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol

Front 285

Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol

Back 285

Disulfiram-like reaction

Front 286

Common side effect of Rifampin

Back 286

Red urine discoloration

Front 287

MOA of nystatin

Back 287

Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane

Front 288

Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by

Back 288

Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)

Front 289

Toxicity of amphotericin

Back 289

Nephrotoxicity

Front 290

SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole

Back 290

Gynecomastia

Front 291

Topical DOC in impetigo

Back 291

Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)

Front 292

DOC for influenza A

Back 292

Amantadine

Front 293

DOC for RSV

Back 293

Ribavirin

Front 294

DOC for CMV retinitis

Back 294

Ganciclovir

Front 295

SE for ganciclovir (3)

Back 295

Neutro, leuko and thrombocytopenia

Front 296

Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome (2)

Back 296

Nevirapine, amprenavir

Front 297

HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism

Back 297

Protease inhibitors

Front 298

Antivirals that are teratogens

Back 298

ribavirin, efavirenz, and delavirdine

red dead baby

Front 299

Antivirals associated with neutropenia (4)

Back 299

Ganciclovir, zidovudine (AZT), saquinavir, and interferon

GASI

Front 300

HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth

Back 300

AZT (zidovudine)

Front 301

Drug used for African sleeping sickness

Back 301

Suramin

Front 302

Drug used in Chagas disease

Back 302

Nifurtimox

Front 303

Cephalosporins not able to cross BBB

Back 303

Cefixime

Front 304

Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB

Back 304

Cefuroxime (2nd) generation and Ceftazidime

Front 305

Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females

Back 305

Ceftriaxone

Front 306

Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates

Back 306

Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime

Front 307

SE of INH (2)

Back 307

Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis

Front 308

Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic

Back 308

Streptomycin

Front 309

Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria

Back 309

Primaquine

Front 310

Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne

Back 310

Minocycline

Front 311

Drug of choice for leprosy (3)

Back 311

Dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine combination

Dap a Clof on yo faz, b4 you Riph it off

Front 312

DOC for herpes and its MOA

Back 312

Acyclovir; incorporated into viral DNA and chain termination

Front 313

Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients

Back 313

Sulfonamides

Front 314

MOA of erythromycin

Back 314

Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome

Front 315

Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis

Back 315

sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim

Front 316

Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients

Back 316

Aztreonam

Front 317

SE of imipenem

Back 317

Seizures

Front 318

Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis

Back 318

Didanosine

Front 319

Sedative Hypnotics

Front 320

Common side effect of hypnotic agents

Back 320

Sedation

Front 321

Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses

Back 321

Tolerance

Front 322

The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications

Back 322

Additive CNS depression

Front 323

Benzodiazepines used to promote sleep (3)

Back 323

Temazpam, triazolam, flurazepam

Try Temaz Flur a good night's sleep

Front 324

Benzodiazepine used for anxiety

Back 324

alprazolam (Ativan)

I get anxious at the van

Front 325

Non-benzodiazepine used as an anxiolytic

Back 325

buspirone (Buspar)

Front 326

Non-benzodiazepine used for sleep

Back 326

Zolpidem

Front 327

Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses

Back 327

REM is decreased

Front 328

Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines

Back 328

Anterograde amnesia

Front 329

Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy

Back 329

Ability to cross the placenta

Front 330

Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines

Back 330

Hepatic

Front 331

Benzodiazepines that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired) (3)

Back 331

Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam

LOT

Front 332

MOA for benzodiazepines

Back 332

increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening

Front 333

Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)

Back 333

Flumazenil

Front 334

Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin

Back 334

Diazepam

Front 335

Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia

Back 335

Clonazepam

Front 336

Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder

Back 336

Alprazolam and Clonazepam

If you Panic, I'll Pass on that Clone Ass, Pam.

Front 337

Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia

Back 337

Midazolam

Front 338

DOC for status epilepticus

Back 338

diazepam (Valium)

Front 339

Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs

Back 339

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and Diazepam (Valium)

Val withdrew a book from the Library

Front 340

Benzodiazepines having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects (4)

Back 340

diazepam (Valium), Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and clorazepate

After a LONG night of studying Val left the Library in a Flury and Clorzed the door behind her.

Front 341

Barbiturates

Front 342

Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition

Back 342

Acute intermittent porphyria

Front 343

Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property

Back 343

Liver enzyme INDUCTION

Front 344

Barbiturates MOA

Back 344

Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels

Front 345

Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia

Back 345

Thiopental

Front 346

Others

Front 347

Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem

Back 347

Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although do not have a benzodiazepine ring structure)

Front 348

Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines (2)

Back 348

zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata)

Front 349

Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor

Back 349

Buspirone

Front 350

Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety

Back 350

Buspirone

Front 351

Alcohols

Front 352

Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Back 352

Ethanol

Front 353

Agent with zero-order kinetics

Back 353

Ethanol

Front 354

Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism

Back 354

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 355

System that increases in activity with chronic ethanol exposure and may contribute to tolerance

Back 355

MEOS

Front 356

Enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetate

Back 356

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 357

Agents that inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase (4)

Back 357

Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins

Front 358

Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension

Back 358

Disulfiram

Front 359

The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics

Back 359

Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)

Front 360

Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome

Back 360

Ethanol

Front 361

Agent that is the antidote for methanol overdose (2)

Back 361

Ethanol, fomepizole

Front 362

Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure

Back 362

Fomepizole

Front 363

Anti seizure Drugs

Front 364

Most frequent route of metabolism

Back 364

Hepatic enzymes

Front 365

Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine

Back 365

Sodium channel blockade

Front 366

MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Back 366

GABA-related targets

Front 367

MOA for Ethosuximide

Back 367

Calcium channels

Front 368

MOA for Valproic acid at high doses

Back 368

Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels

Front 369

Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures

Back 369

Valproic acid and Phenytoin

Val-partial, Pheny-tonic

Front 370

DOC for febrile seizures

Back 370

Phenobarbital

Front 371

Drugs of choice for absence seizures (2)

Back 371

Ethosuximide and valproic acid

It Sux when Val is absent

Front 372

Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures

Back 372

Valproic acid

Front 373

Drugs of choice for status epilepticus (2)

Back 373

IV diazepam for short term (acute) treatment; phenytoin for prolonged therapy

Front 374

Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms

Back 374

Corticosteroids

Front 375

Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD) (4)

Back 375

Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin

Front 376

Anti-seizure drug used also for Trigeminal neuralgia

Back 376

Carbamazepine

Front 377

Anti-seizure drug used also for pain of neuropathic orgin

Back 377

Gabapentin

Front 378

Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism

Back 378

Phenytoin

Front 379

SE of phenytoin (4)

Back 379

Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia

Big Gums, Hairy NADs

Front 380

Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida

Back 380

Carbamazepine

Front 381

Anti seizure agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress

Back 381

Valproic acid

Front 382

Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid

Back 382

Serum ammonia and LFT's

Front 383

SE for Lamotrigine

Back 383

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Front 384

SE for Felbamate

Back 384

Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure

Front 385

Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines

Back 385

Valproic acid

Front 386

Carbamazepine may cause

Back 386

Agranulocytosis

Front 387

Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization (4)

Back 387

Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid

Front 388

General Anesthetics

Front 389

MOA of general anesthetics

Back 389

Most are thought to act at GABA-A receptor - chloride channel

Front 390

Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient

Back 390

Nitrous oxide

Front 391

Inversely related to potency of anesthetics

Back 391

Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)

Front 392

Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents (2)

Back 392

Halothane and methoxyflurane

Angel on Meth

Front 393

Most inhaled anesthetics SE

Back 393

Decrease arterial blood pressure

Front 394

Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants (2)

Back 394

Enflurane and halothane

An Angels Heart En Flowers

Front 395

Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation

Back 395

Isoflurane

Front 396

Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis

Back 396

Halothane

Halothane causes Hepatits

Front 397

Inhaled anesthetic, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration

Back 397

Nitrous oxide

Front 398

Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency

Back 398

Methoxyflurane

Front 399

Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia

Back 399

Nitrous oxide

megaNOblastic anemia

Front 400

Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm

Back 400

Desflurane

desflurane is desgusting

Front 401

DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics

Back 401

Dantrolene

Front 402

IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic

Back 402

Thiopental

Front 403

Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia

Back 403

Midazolam

Front 404

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose

Back 404

Flumazenil

Front 405

This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery

Back 405

Ketamine

Front 406

Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia

Back 406

Fentanyl

Front 407

State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide

Back 407

Neuroleptanesthesia

Front 408

Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension

Back 408

Propofol

Front 409

Local Anesthetics

Front 410

MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)

Back 410

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels

Front 411

This may enhance activity of local anesthetics

Back 411

Hyperkalemia

Front 412

This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics

Back 412

Hypercalcemia

Front 413

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity

Back 413

Vasodilation

Front 414

Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery

Back 414

Cocaine

Front 415

Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors (2)

Back 415

Tetracaine and bupivacaine

Front 416

These LA's have surface activity

Back 416

Cocaine and benzocaine

Front 417

Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics

Back 417

CNS toxicity

Front 418

Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

Back 418

Cocaine

Front 419

local anesthetic causing methemoglobinemia

Back 419

Prilocaine

Priloglobin

Front 420

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Front 421

Class of drugs structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation

Back 421

Neuromuscular blocking drugs

Front 422

These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) (3)

Back 422

Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic

Triple A - for NM blockAde

Front 423

These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)

Back 423

Nondepolarizing type antagonists

Front 424

Agent with long duration of action and is most likely to cause histamine release

Back 424

Tubocurarine

Front 425

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle antagonist that has short duration

Back 425

Mivacurium

minicurium

Front 426

Skeletal muscle agent that can block muscarinic receptors

Back 426

Pancuronium

The Block in the Muscle Car caused a Pandamonium

Front 427

Skeletal muscle agent that undergoes Hofmann elimination (breaks down spontaneously)

Back 427

Atracurium

Front 428

One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, causes muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur

Back 428

Succinylcholine

Front 429

During Phase I these agents worsen muscle paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine

Back 429

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 430

Spasmolytic drugs

Front 431

Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce
abnormally elevated tone
caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease

Back 431

Spasmolytic drugs

Front 432

Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition

Back 432

Diazepam

Front 433

GABA agonist in the spinal cord

Back 433

Baclofen

spine is in your back

Front 434

Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension

Back 434

Tizanidine

Front 435

DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle

Back 435

Dantrolene

Front 436

Agent used for acute muscle spasm

Back 436

Cyclobenzaprine

Front 437

Drugs Used in Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders

Front 438

Irreversible condition resulting from the use of antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog)

Back 438

Drug induced Parkinsonism

Front 439

Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine (which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB)

Back 439

L-dopa (levodopa)

Front 440

This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)

Back 440

Carbidopa

Front 441

Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx

Back 441

On-off-phenomenon

Front 442

Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma

Back 442

Levodopa

Front 443

Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia

Back 443

Bromocriptine

Front 444

Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's (2)

Back 444

Pramipexole and ropinirole

Front 445

Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis

Back 445

Amantadine

Front 446

Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed patients

Back 446

Selegiline

Front 447

Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)

Back 447

Entacapone and Tolcapone

EntaCOMTpone TolCOMTpone

Front 448

Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects

Back 448

Benztropine

Front 449

Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor

Back 449

Propranolol

Front 450

Agents used in Huntington's Disease

Back 450

Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)

The Angel was Hunting 4 Benzes

Front 451

Agents used in Tourette's dx

Back 451

Haloperidol or pimozide

The Angel was cussing at the Pimp when she found out she had Tourettes

Front 452

Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease

Back 452

Penicillamine

Front 454

Antipsychotics

Front 455

Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor

Back 455

Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors

Front 456

MOA of neuroleptics

Back 456

Dopamine blockade

Front 457

Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine (7)

Back 457

Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea,
confusion, mood changes,
decreased sexual interest, and weight gain

Front 458

Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only

Back 458

Older antipsychotics

Front 459

Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation

Back 459

Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole

Dr. Alonzo is Certain Ari's a pimp for New Atypical Psychos

Front 460

Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia

Back 460

Risperidone

Front 461

Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels

Back 461

Risperidone

Front 462

Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes

Back 462

Olanzapine

Alonzo is a fat bipolar diabetic

Front 463

Antipsychotic agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker

Back 463

Haloperidol

Front 464

Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 464

Dantrolene

Front 465

Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)

Back 465

Muscarinic blockers

Front 466

Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects

Back 466

Thioridazine

(Autonomazine)

Front 467

Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects

Back 467

Haloperidol

Front 468

Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias

Back 468

Thioridazine

Front 469

Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause fatal agranulocytosis

Back 469

Clozapine

dont leave your Cloze on D 4loor

Front 470

Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia

Back 470

Clozapine

Front 471

Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation

Back 471

Fluphenazine and haloperidol

Front 472

Antipsychotics with reduced seizure threshold

Back 472

Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine

Front 473

Antipsychotics that cause orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation

Back 473

Low potency APs and risperidone

Front 474

Antipsychotic with Increased risk of developing cataracts

Back 474

Quetiapine

Qatar-acts

Front 475

Lithium

Front 476

Major route of elimination for Lithium

Back 476

Kidneys

Front 477

Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop

Back 477

Lithium toxicity

Front 478

Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium

Back 478

Theophylline

Front 479

Lithium is associated with this congenital defect
and is contraindicated in

Back 479

Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation

Front 480

DOC for bipolar affective disorder

Back 480

Lithium

Front 481

Concern using lithium

Back 481

Low therapeutic index

Front 482

SE of lithium (6)

Back 482

Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus

Front 483

Antidepressants

Front 484

Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 484

Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine

Front 485

Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants

Back 485

Norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 486

Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy

Back 486

2 to 3 weeks

Front 487

Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants

Back 487

Elderly patients

Front 488

All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion

Back 488

Side-effect profile and prior pt response

Front 489

Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants (3)

Back 489

SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine

Front 490

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

Front 491

Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression

Back 491

Monamine oxidase inhibitors

Miedo (Phobia)
Anxiety
Overly Depressed
I'm Gonna Die! (hypochondriasis)

Front 492

Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)

Back 492

Hypertensive crisis

Front 493

MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition

Back 493

Serotonin syndrome

Front 494

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Front 495

Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly

Back 495

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Front 496

Three C's associated with TCA toxicity

Back 496

Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)

Front 497

Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's

Back 497

Tertiary amines

Front 498

TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects

Back 498

Amitriptyline

Front 499

TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD

Back 499

Imipramine

(Im a Peein')

Front 500

TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep

Back 500

Doxepin

Front 501

TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms

Back 501

Clomipramine

Front 502

Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect

Back 502

Nortriptyline, Desipramine

Front 503

Side effects seen with tricyclic antidepressants (4)

Back 503

Muscarinic blockade (dry mouth, constipation);
weak alpha-1 block (orthostatic hypotension);
weak histamine block (sedation)

Front 504

Heterocyclics

Front 505

Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 505

Amoxapine

A malignant antidepressant, a Mox on both your houses

Front 506

Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity

Back 506

Maprotiline

seizing all over the map

Front 507

Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure

Back 507

Venlafaxine

Front 508

Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake

Back 508

Venlafaxine

ven diagram - gets all three

Front 509

Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism

Back 509

trazodone

trazoBONE

Front 510

Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure

Back 510

Nefazodone

Front 511

Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures

Back 511

Bupropion

Front 512

Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating

Back 512

Mirtazapine

Front 513

SE of mirtazapine

Back 513

Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol

Taz got a Fatty Liver

Front 514

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Front 515

Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes

Back 515

Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram

Front 516

Side effects frequently seen with SSRIs

Back 516

CNS stimulation; GI upset

Front 517

Antidepressants with no effect on BP, no sedation

Back 517

SSRIs

Front 518

SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx

Back 518

Fluoxetine

Front 519

SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Back 519

Fluoxetine (Sarafem)

Front 520

Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression (5)

Back 520

Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD

Front 521

SSRI less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome

Back 521

Fluoxetine

Front 522

Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists

Front 523

Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons

Back 523

Ascending pathways

Front 524

Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release

Back 524

Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors

Front 525

Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization

(Targeted by opioids)

Back 525

Postsynaptic Mu receptors

Front 526

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except (2)

Back 526

Miosis and constipation

Front 527

All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction

Back 527

Meperidine

Front 528

SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone

Back 528

Opioid Analgesics

Front 529

Strong opioid agonists

Back 529

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

Front 530

Opioids used in anesthesia

Back 530

Morphine and fentanyl

Front 531

Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states

Back 531

Methadone

Front 532

Opioid available trans-dermally

Back 532

Fentanyl

Front 533

Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema

Back 533

Morphine

Front 534

Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome

Back 534

meperidine (Demerol)

Front 535

Moderate opioid agonists

Back 535

Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

Front 536

Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures

Back 536

Propoxyphene

Front 537

Partial agonist or mixed antagonists

Front 538

Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

Back 538

Buprenorphine

Front 539

Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA

Back 539

Naloxone

Front 540

Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs

Back 540

Naltrexone

Front 541

These opioid agents are used as antitussive

Back 541

Dextromethorphan, Codeine

Front 542

These agents are used as antidiarrheal

Back 542

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

Front 543

Drugs of Abuse

Front 544

Abused Inhalant anesthetics (3)

Back 544

NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether

Front 545

Abused drugs: Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation (2)

Back 545

Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents

Front 546

Abuse of theses cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing

Back 546

Organic nitrites

Front 547

Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression

Back 547

Steroids

Front 548

Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include (7)

Back 548

Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses

Vitals(4) + pupils, sweating and bowels

Front 549

Opioid Analgesics

Front 550

Opioids most commonly abused by health care professionals (5)

Back 550

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl

Front 551

This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence

Back 551

IV administration

Front 552

Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death

Back 552

Overdose of opioids

Front 553

Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome

Back 553

Abstinence syndrome

Front 554

Treatment for opioid addiction

Back 554

Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction

Front 555

This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict

Back 555

Naloxone

Front 556

Sedative-Hypnotics

Front 557

Sedative-Hypnotics action (3)

Back 557

Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation

Front 558

Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents

Back 558

CNS depressants

Front 559

Common mechanism by which overdose result in death

Back 559

Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers

Front 560

Date rape drug

Back 560

Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)

Front 561

The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome

Back 561

Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)

Front 562

Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves (4)

Back 562

Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol

Front 563

These abused agents are CNS depressants

Back 563

Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines

Front 564

Stimulants

Front 565

Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache

Back 565

Caffeine

Front 566

W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort

Back 566

Nicotine

Front 567

Treatments available for nicotine addiction (5)

Back 567

Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion

Front 568

Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to (7)

Back 568

Psychotic state,
overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures

Front 569

Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs

Back 569

Amphetamines

Front 570

Amphetamine agents

Back 570

Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine

Front 571

These agents are congeners of Amphetamine

Back 571

DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"

Front 572

Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)

Back 572

Cocaine "super-speed"

Front 573

Hallucinogens

Front 574

Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic

Back 574

PCP

Front 575

Removal of PCP may be aided by what 3 things

Back 575

Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction

Front 576

THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur

Back 576

Marijuana

Front 577

Cholinoreceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs

Front 578

Direct-Acting Cholinomimetic Agonists

Front 579

Muscarinic agonists or parasympathomimetic

Front 580

This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 580

Bethanechol

Front 581

Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma

Back 581

Pilocarpine

Front 582

This agent used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome

Back 582

Cevimeline

Front 583

Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Back 583

Edrophonium

Front 584

Carbamate with intermediate action, used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 584

Neostigmine

Front 585

Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions

Back 585

Physostigmine

Front 586

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

Back 586

Pyridostigmine

Front 587

Organophosphates

Front 588

Antiglaucoma organophosphate

Back 588

Echothiophate

Front 589

Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma

Back 589

Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors

Long overdue for some cataracts

Front 590

Scabicide organophosphate

Back 590

Malathion

Front 591

Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA

Back 591

Metrifonate

Front 592

Toxicity of organophosphate:

Back 592

DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)

Front 593

The most frequent cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity

Back 593

Respiratory failure

Front 594

The most toxic organophosphate

Back 594

Parathion

Front 595

Treatment of choice for organophosphate overdose

Back 595

Atropine

Front 596

This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure

Back 596

Pralidoxime

Front 597

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 598

Prototypical drug is atropine

Back 598

Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists

Front 599

Two agents used to treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS

Back 599

Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl

Front 600

Treatment of motion sickness (2)

Back 600

Scopolamine, meclizine

Front 601

Antimuscarinics that produce mydriasis and cycloplegia (3)

Back 601

Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide

Front 602

Anticholinergic causing bronchodilation in asthma and COPD

Back 602

Ipratropium

Front 603

Reduce transient hyper GI motility

Back 603

Dicyclomine, methscopolamine

Front 604

Anticholinergics used in cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence (2)

Back 604

Oxybutynin, dicyclomine

cystitis - cyclomine

Front 605

Toxicity of anticholinergics

Back 605

block SLUD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

Front 606

Another mnemonic for anticholinergic toxicity

Back 606

"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"

Front 607

Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group

Back 607

Infants

Front 608

Contraindications to use of atropine (3)

Back 608

Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy

Front 609

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 610

Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate

Back 610

Severe hypertension

Front 611

These agents cause reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers

Back 611

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 612

Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis

Back 612

Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers

Front 613

Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use; has short duration of action

Back 613

Succinylcholine

Front 614

Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)

Back 614

Cholinesterase regenerators, pralidoxime

Front 615

Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion

Back 615

Pralidoxime, atropine

Front 616

Sympathomimetics

Front 617

Pneumonic for beta receptors

Back 617

You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)

Front 618

This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock

Back 618

Epinephrine

Front 619

Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction

Back 619

Amphetamines

Front 620

Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia

Back 620

Phenylephrine

Front 621

Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma by acting to

Back 621

Reduce aqueous secretion

Front 622

Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis

Back 622

albuterol

alBu2rol

Front 623

Longer acting Beta 2 agonist is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma

Back 623

Salmeterol

Front 624

These agents increase cardiac output and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock

Back 624

Beta1 agonists

Front 625

These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestants, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion

Back 625

Alpha1 agonists

Front 626

Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by

Back 626

Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines

Front 627

Epinephrine is often mixed with a local anesthetic to

Back 627

Reduce the loss from area of injection

Front 628

Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with this drug

Back 628

Midodrine

Front 629

Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus

Back 629

Terbutaline

Front 630

Sympathetic agent which stimulates heart rate and can dilate vessels in skeletal muscle at low doses

Back 630

Epinephrine

Front 631

Sympathomimetic that works on mast cells to reduce release of histamine and inflammatory mediators

Back 631

Epinephrine

Front 632

Agent used in shock because it dilates coronary arteries and increases renal blood flow

Back 632

Dopamine

Front 633

Agent which stimulates cardiac contractile force more than rate with little effect on total peripheral resistance

Back 633

Dobutamine

Front 634

Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis

Back 634

Ephedrine

Front 635

Alpha 1 agonist toxicity

Back 635

Hypertension

Front 636

Beta 1 agonist toxicity

Back 636

Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias

Front 637

Beta 2 agonist toxicity

Back 637

Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia

Front 638

The selective agents loose their selectivity at

Back 638

high doses

Front 639

Adrenoceptor Blocker

Front 640

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis

Back 640

Phenoxybenzamine

Front 641

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena

Back 641

Phentolamine

Front 642

Selective Alpha 1 blockers used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension (3)

Back 642

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

Front 643

Selective Alpha-1A blocker, used for BPH, but with little effect on HTN

Back 643

Tamsulosin

Front 644

Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)

Back 644

Yohimbine

Front 645

Beta-Blocking Drugs

Front 646

Selective B1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients even though they have asthma

Back 646

Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol

Front 647

Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF

Back 647

Labetalol and carvedilol

Front 648

Beta blockers with partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity), cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma (2)

Back 648

Pindolol and acebutolol

Front 649

This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (a property which decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma

Back 649

Timolol

Front 650

This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting (minutes)

Back 650

Esmolol

Front 651

This beta blocker is the longest acting

Back 651

Nadolol

Front 652

These beta blockers are less lipid soluble

Back 652

Acebutolol and atenolol

Front 653

This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares

Back 653

Propranolol

Front 654

Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, chronic CHF, and selected post MI patients

Back 654

Beta blockers

Front 655

Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF; signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)

Back 655

Beta blockers

Front 656

Glaucoma (all agents topical except for diuretics)

Front 657

Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction (3)

Back 657

Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine

PCP

Front 658

Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins (2)

Back 658

Epinephrine, dipivefrin

uveosclero - vefrine

Front 659

Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion (2)

Back 659

Apraclonidine, brimonidine

Front 660

These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion

Back 660

Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)

Front 661

This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis

Back 661

Acetazolamide

Front 662

This prostaglandin causes increased aqueous outflow

Back 662

Prostaglandin PGF2a

Front 663

Antihypertensive Agents

Front 664

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Back 664

ACE inhibitors

Front 665

Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are

Back 665

ACE inhibitors

Front 666

SE of ACE inhibitors (2)

Back 666

Dry cough, hyperkalemia

Front 667

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in (2)

Back 667

pregnancy and with K+

Front 668

Losartan and valsartan block

Back 668

Angiotensin receptor

Front 669

Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause

Back 669

Dry cough

Front 670

Agents that block L-type calcium channel

Back 670

Calcium channel blockers

Front 671

CCB contraindicated in CHF

Back 671

Verapamil

Front 672

CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation

Back 672

Nifedipine

Front 673

SE of CCB (3)

Back 673

Constipation, edema, and headache

Front 674

Agents that reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand

Back 674

Beta-blockers

Front 675

Subset of B-blockers that are more cardioselective

Back 675

Beta-1 selective blockers

Front 676

Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers

Back 676

Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol

Front 677

Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in (3)

Back 677

Asthma (bronchospastic effects),
diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and
peripheral vascular disease

Front 678

Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis

Back 678

Propranolol

Front 679

SE of beta blockers (4)

Back 679

Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION,
decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)

Front 680

Alpha 1selective blockers (3)

Back 680

Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)

Front 681

Non-selective alpha1 blocker used to treat pheochromocytoma

Back 681

Phenoxybenzamine

Front 682

For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal

Back 682

Phentolamine

Front 683

A1a-selective blocker with no effects on HTN used for BPH

Back 683

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Front 684

SE of alpha blockers

Back 684

Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia

Front 685

Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonists used in HTN, and acts centrally (2)

Back 685

Clonidine, and methyldopa

Front 686

SE of methyldopa (2)

Back 686

Positive Comb's test, depression

Front 687

Methyldopa is contraindicated in

Back 687

Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects

Front 688

SE of clonidine (3)

Back 688

Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth

Front 689

Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle

Back 689

Hydralazine

Front 690

SE of hydralazine

Back 690

Lupus-like syndrome

Front 691

Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels

Back 691

Minoxidil

Front 692

SE of minoxidil

Back 692

Hypertrichosis

Front 693

IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis

Back 693

Nitroprusside

Front 694

Nitroprusside vasodilates

Back 694

Arteries and veins

Front 695

Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment

Back 695

Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate

Front 696

Diuretics

Front 697

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Back 697

Acetazolamide

Front 698

Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma

Back 698

Acetazolamide

Front 699

SE of acetazolamide (5)

Back 699

Paresthesias, encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment,
acidosis, alkalinization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), and
hypokalemia

Front 700

MOA of loop diuretics

Back 700

inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport

Front 701

Site of action of loop diuretics

Back 701

Thick ascending limb

Front 702

SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics (3)

Back 702

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity

Front 703

Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect

Back 703

Ototoxicity

Front 704

Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain

Back 704

Calcium

Front 705

MOA of thiazide diuretics

Back 705

Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport

Front 706

Site of action of thiazide diuretics

Back 706

Work at early distal convoluted tubule

Front 707

Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics

Back 707

Sulfonamides

Front 708

SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics (3)

Back 708

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia

Front 709

Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit

Back 709

Na+/K+ exchange

Front 710

Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism

Back 710

Spironolactone

Front 711

SE of spironolactone (3)

Back 711

Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, and impotence

Front 712

Osmotic diuretic used to treat increased intracranial pressure

Back 712

Mannitol

Front 713

Section: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) agonist and antagonist

Front 714

ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

Back 714

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Front 715

Used for SIADH

Back 715

Demeclocycline

Front 716

SE of demeclocycline

Back 716

Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age

Front 717

Antiarrhythmic agents

Front 718

MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics

Back 718

Sodium channel blockers

Front 719

SE of procainamide

Back 719

Lupus-like syndrome

Front 720

Limiting side effect of Quinidine

Back 720

Prolongs QT interval

Front 721

Other side effects of Quinidine (2)

Back 721

Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM

Front 722

Major drug interaction with Quinidine

Back 722

Increases concentration of Digoxin

Front 723

DOC for management of acute ventricular arrhythmias

Back 723

Amiodarone

Front 724

DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias

Back 724

Phenytoin

Front 725

SE of phenytoin

Back 725

Gingival hyperplasia

Front 726

Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents

Back 726

Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)

Front 727

Class II antiarrhythmics are

Back 727

B-blockers

Front 728

Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties

Back 728

Sotalol

Front 729

Side effect of sotalol

Back 729

prolongs QT and PR interval

Front 730

Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery

Back 730

Esmolol

Front 731

Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality

Back 731

B-blockers

B savin your life

Front 732

MOA of class III antiarrhythmics

Back 732

Potassium channel blockers

Front 733

Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes

Back 733

Amiodarone

Front 734

Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone

Back 734

Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks

Front 735

Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia

Back 735

Amiodarone

Front 736

SE of Amiodarone (6)

Back 736

Cardiac dysfunction,
photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome),
Pulmonary fibrosis,
thyroid and corneal deposits

Front 737

MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics

Back 737

Calcium channel blockers

Front 738

Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to

Back 738

Torsades de pointes

Front 739

Agent to treat torsades de pointes

Back 739

Magnesium sulfate

Front 740

Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias

Back 740

Digoxin

Front 741

DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

Back 741

Adenosine

Front 742

Adenosine's MOA

Back 742

Activation on an inward K+ current and inhibition of Ca++ current resulting in marked HYPERPOLARIZATION

Front 743

Anti-arrhythmic with 15 second duration of action

Back 743

Adenosine

Front 744

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 745

MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)

Back 745

Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP

Front 746

Drugs used in the management of angina (4)

Back 746

Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers

Front 747

Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by

Back 747

Platelet aggregation inhibition

Front 748

MOA of nitrates (3 parts)

Back 748

Relax vascular smooth muscle,
at low doses dilate veins and
at high doses dilate arterioles

Front 749

Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks

Back 749

Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets

Front 750

Nitrate used to prevent further attacks

Back 750

Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin

Front 751

Nitrate free intervals are needed due to

Back 751

Decrease Tolerance

Front 752

SE of nitrates (4)

Back 752

Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia,
hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation

Front 753

CCB are DOC for

Back 753

Prinzmetal's angina

Front 754

Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack

Back 754

Classic

Front 755

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 756

MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)

Back 756

Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase

Front 758

Digoxin is used in (2)

Back 758

Atrial fibrillation and CHF

Front 759

Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by

Back 759

Hypokalemia

Front 760

Antidote for digoxin toxicity

Back 760

Digibind

Front 761

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects (2)

Back 761

Amrinone and milrinone

Amir's Mill benefits None

Front 762

SE of amrinone

Back 762

Thrombocytopenia

Front 763

Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF

Back 763

Dobutamine and dopamine

Front 764

Diuretics work in CHF by

Back 764

Reducing preload

Front 765

Beta blockers work in CHF by

Back 765

Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)

Front 766

Peptide drug used to treat CHF

Back 766

Nesiritide (BNP)

Front 767

MOA of nesiritide

Back 767

Increasing sodium excretion and decreases arterial and venous tone

Front 768

SE of nesiritide (2)

Back 768

Excessive hypotension and kidney failure

Hint 768

"Nephiritide"

Front 769

Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker

Back 769

Carvedilol

Front 770

Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide

Back 770

Nesiritide (Natrecor)

Front 771

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 772

Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant

Back 772

Warfarin (PT)

Front 773

Warfarin is contraindicated in

Back 773

Pregnancy

Front 774

Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy

Back 774

Heparin

Front 775

Heparin (PTT) increases activity of

Back 775

Antithrombin 3

Front 776

Route of administration of warfarin

Back 776

Oral

Front 777

Routes of administration of heparin

Back 777

IV and IM (only LMW)

Front 778

SE of both warfarin and heparin

Back 778

Bleeding

Front 779

SE of heparin

Back 779

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Front 780

Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops

Back 780

Lepirudin

Front 781

Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin

Back 781

Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma

Front 782

Antidote to reverse actions of heparin

Back 782

Protamine sulfate

Front 783

MOA of aspirin

Back 783

Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase

Front 784

Agents used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI (2)

Back 784

Aspirin, metoprolol (Lopresor)

Front 785

SE of Aspirin

Back 785

GI bleeding

Front 786

Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin

Back 786

Ticlopidine

Front 787

SE for ticlopidine (2)

Back 787

Neutropenia and agranulocytosis

Front 788

Effective in preventing TIA's (2)

Back 788

Clopidogrel and ticlopidine

Front 789

Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve

Back 789

Dipyridamole

think: valve is upside down pyramid

Front 790

Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking (3)

Back 790

Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide

Front 791

MOA of thrombolytics

Back 791

Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered IV

Front 792

Thrombolytics are used for (2)

Back 792

Pulmonary embolism and DVT

Front 793

Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction

Back 793

Streptokinase

Front 794

Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA

Back 794

Tissue plasmin activator

Front 795

SE of tPA

Back 795

Cerebral hemorrhage

Front 796

Antidote for thrombolytics

Back 796

Aminocaproic acid

Front 797

Agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 798

Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias

Back 798

Ferrous sulfate

Front 799

Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity

Back 799

Deferoxamine

Front 800

Agent for pernicious anemia

Back 800

Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)

Front 801

Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia

Back 801

Vitamin B12

Front 802

Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy

Back 802

Folic acid

Front 803

Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure

Back 803

Erythropoietin

Front 804

Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy

Back 804

G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)

Front 805

Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy

Back 805

Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)

Front 806

Antihyperlipidemics

Front 807

Drugs decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Back 807

Bile acid-binding resins

Front 808

Cholestyramine and colestipol are

Back 808

Bile acid-binding resins

Front 809

Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins

Back 809

Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)

Front 810

MOA of lovastatin (STATIN)

Back 810

inhibits HMG COA reductase

Front 811

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in

Back 811

Pregnancy

Front 812

MOA of drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect

Back 812

Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4

Front 813

SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors (2)

Back 813

Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity

Front 814

Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS

Back 814

LFT's

Front 815

Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis

Back 815

Niacin

Front 816

SE of niacin

Back 816

Cutaneous flush

Front 817

Cutaneous flush and be reduced by pretreatment with

Back 817

Aspirin

Front 818

Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of

Back 818

Lipoprotein lipase

Front 819

Most common SE of fibrates

Back 819

Nausea

Front 820

Fibrates are contraindicated in

Back 820

Pregnancy

Front 821

Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of

Back 821

Rhabdomyolysis

Front 822

New class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins

Back 822

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Front 823

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 824

MOA of NSAIDS

Back 824

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)

Front 825

Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS

Back 825

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

Front 826

Four main actions of NSAIDS

Back 826

Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity

Front 827

Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Back 827

Indomethacin

Front 828

Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection

Back 828

Potential for development of Reye's syndrome

Front 829

SE of salicylates (2)

Back 829

Tinnitus, GI bleeding

Front 830

NSAIDs also available as an ophthalmic preparation (2)

Back 830

Diclofenac, ketoralac

Front 831

NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically

Back 831

Ketoralac

Front 832

NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity

Back 832

Ketoralac

Front 833

Newer NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2

Back 833

Celecoxib

Front 834

COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of (2)

Back 834

Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding

Front 835

COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with

Back 835

Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease

Front 836

Acetaminophen only has

Back 836

Antipyretic and analgesic activity

Front 837

SE of acetaminophen

Back 837

Hepatotoxicity

Front 838

Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity

Back 838

N-acetylcysteine

Front 839

Drugs-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Agents (DMARDS)

Front 840

DMARDs are slow acting drugs for

Back 840

Rheumatic disease

Front 841

Initial DMARD of choice for patients with RA

Back 841

Methotrexate

Front 842

Drug ofter used in combination with TNF - alpha inhitors for RA

Back 842

Methotrexate

Front 843

DMARD that causes bone marrow suppression

Back 843

Methotrexate

Front 844

SE of penicillamine

Back 844

Aplastic anemia and renal toxicity

Front 845

Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes

Back 845

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 846

Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 846

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 847

SE of hydroxychloroquine (2)

Back 847

Retinal destruction and dermatitis

think of blind man with itchy skin and malaria

Front 848

MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)

Back 848

Inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which leads to
decreased pyrimidine synthesis,
decreased T cell proliferation and
decreased antibody production by B cells

Front 849

Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Back 849

Adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept

Front 850

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis

Back 850

Sulfasalazine

Front 851

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for Chron's disease

Back 851

Infliximab

Front 852

Drugs used in Gout

Front 853

NSAID used in gout

Back 853

Indomethacin

Front 854

NSAID contraindicated in gout

Back 854

Aspirin

Front 855

MOA of colchicine (used in acute gout)

Back 855

Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly

Front 856

SE of colchicine

Back 856

Kidney and liver toxicity, diarrhea

Front 857

Agents used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion and excretion (2)

Back 857

Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone

Front 858

Allopurinol treats chronic gout by decreasing uric acid production by inhibiting

Back 858

Xanthine oxidase

Front 859

Insulins

Front 860

Rapid acting insulins that do not self-aggregate (3)

Back 860

lispro insulin, aspart insulin, glulisine insulin

Front 861

Peakless long acting insulin

Back 861

Insulin glargine

Front 862

Cardiac drugs

Front 863

DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; has high efficacy and short duration of action

Back 863

Adenosine

Front 864

**not a required one liner***

SE of methimazole

Back 864

Agranulocytosis

this was on the Kaplan Comlex Q bank

Front 865

*** not a required one liner ***

DOC for benign essential tremor and alternative drug used if pt has asthma.

Back 865

propranolol

primidone

Front 866

***Not a required oneliner***

DOC for Loa Loa, Wucheria bancrofti, Toxocara canis

Back 866

diethylcarbamazine

Front 867

***Not a required oneliner***

DOC for T.solium and D.latum

Back 867

praziquantel

Front 868

***Not a required oneliner***

DOC for Onchcerca volvulus

Back 868

ivermectin

Front 869

***Not a required oneliner***

DOC for most nematodes (ie Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella, Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator)

Back 869

mebendazole

Front 870

***Not a required oneliner***

DOC for Schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis [trematodes]

Back 870

praziquantel

Front 871

***Not a required oneliner***

1st generation cephalosporins cover

Back 871

PEcK
Proteus, E. Coli, Klebsiella and gram+ cocci

Front 872

***Not a required oneliner***

2nd generation cephalosporins cover

Back 872

HEN PEcKS

Haemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli, Klepsiella, Serratia and gram+ cocci

Front 873

***not a required one liner***

affective for both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, especially re-entrant and ectopic SVT and VT.

Back 873

Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide - Class 1A

Front 874

***not a required one liner***

Useful in acute ventricular arrhythmias (especially post MI) and in digitalis induced arrhythmias

Back 874

Lidocaine, Mexileteine Tocainide - Class 1B

Front 875

***not a required one liner***

Useful in VT that progress to Vfib and in intractable SVT. Usually used as last resort in refractory tachyarrhythmias

Back 875

Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone - Class 1C

Front 876

***not a required one liner***

Toxicity of Class 1A AARs (Q,P,D)

Back 876

cinchonism(Q); torsade due to increasd QT interval; SLE (P)

Front 877

***not a required one liner***

Toxicity of Class 1B AARs (L,M,T)

Back 877

local anesthesisa, CNS stim/depr, CV depr

Front 878

***not a required one liner***

Toxicity of Class 1C AARs (F,E,P)

Back 878

proarrhythmic (especially post MI), significantly prolongs refractory period in AV node

Front 879

***not a required one liner***

Used for VT, SVT, slowing ventricular rate during Afib and Aflut

Back 879

Class 2 (Beta blockers)

Front 880

***not a required one liner***

Toxicity of class 2 AARs (B-blockers)

Back 880

impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, AV block, may mask hypoglycemia, CNS (sedation, sleep alteration)

Front 881

***not a required one liner***

These are the Class 3 AARs (SIBDA)

Back 881

sotalol, ibutilide, bretyliuum, dofetilide, amiodarone

Front 882

***not a required one liner***

what to check when using amiodarone

Back 882

PFT, LFT, TFT

Front 883

***not a required one liner***

toxicity of sotalol

Back 883

torasade

Front 884

***not a required one liner***

these suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing the slope if phase 4 (AV node particularly sensitive leading to increased PR interval)

Back 884

Class 2 (Beta blockers)

Front 885

***not a required one liner***

These AARs INCREASE AP duration as well as increase ERP. Used when other antiarrhthymics fail. Cause increased QT interval

Back 885

Class 3 (K blockers) SIBDA

Front 886

***not a required one liner***

these AARs primarily affect AV nodal cells. They decrease conduction velocity, increase ERP, increase PR. They're used in the prevention of nodal arhythmias

Back 886

class 4 (Ca blockers) VD

Front 887

***not a required one liner***

toxicity of diltiazem, verapamil

Back 887

constipation, flushing, edema, CHF, Avblock, sinus node depression

Front 888

***not a required one liner***

DOC for DC/TX SVT, very short acting, effects blocked by theophyline

Back 888

adenosine