Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)
|
Half-life (T1/2)
|
|
|
Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
|
Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin
|
|
|
Inhibitors of CYP450
|
Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit
|
|
|
Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect
|
Efficacy
|
|
|
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors
|
Thyroid and steroid hormones
|
|
|
MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors
|
Insulin
|
|
|
Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning
|
Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
** |
|
|
Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
|
Protamine Sulfate
** |
|
|
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
|
Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
|
|
|
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
|
Aminocaproic acid
** |
|
|
Antidote used for opioid toxicity
|
Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)
|
|
|
Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP
|
Allopurinol
** |
|
|
May protect against doxorubicin cardio-toxicity by chelating iron
|
Dexrazoxane
|
|
|
Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis
|
Bleomycin
|
|
|
Binds tubulin and prevents the disassembly of microtubules during the M phase of the cell cycle inducing mitotic arrest
|
Paclitaxel (taxol)
** |
|
|
Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer
|
Tamoxifen
** |
|
|
Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist
|
Odansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron
|
|
|
Hormone inhibiting prolactin release
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality
|
Cosyntropin
** |
|
|
Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
|
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
|
|
|
Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain
|
L-thyroxine (T4)
** |
|
|
Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy
|
PTU
|
|
|
PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA
|
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin
|
|
|
Some side effects of corticosteroids
|
Hyperglycemia, Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis
|
|
|
Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors
|
Spironolactone
|
|
|
Common SE of spironolactone
|
Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia
** |
|
|
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study)
|
Raloxifene
** |
|
|
Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy
|
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
|
|
|
Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase
|
Testosterone
|
|
|
Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin production
|
C-peptide
|
|
|
Long acting insulin
|
Ultralente (humulin U)
|
|
|
Amino acid derivative for treatment of Type II diabetes
|
Nateglinide
|
|
|
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx.
|
Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
** |
|
|
Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption
|
Calcitonin (salmon prep)
|
|
|
Drug that causes contraction of the uterus
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3
|
Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
|
|
|
Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors
|
Diphenhydramine
|
|
|
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating
|
Diphendydramine
** |
|
|
2nd generation antihistamines
|
Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
|
|
|
H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs
|
Cimetidine
|
|
|
5HT-1D/1B agonist used for migraine headaches
|
Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan
** |
|
|
Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding
|
Oxytocin and ergonovine
** |
|
|
Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor
|
Cyproheptadine
** |
|
|
5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced
emesis |
Aprepitant, Ondansetron, granisetron,
dolasetron and palonosetron *** |
|
|
Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug
|
LSD
|
|
|
Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia
|
Bromocriptine
|
|
|
Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema
|
Bradykinin
|
|
|
Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)
|
Capsaicin
|
|
|
Prostaglandins that cause abortions
|
Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha
|
|
|
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
|
Zileuton
|
|
|
Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis
|
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
|
|
|
Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence
|
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
|
|
|
MOA and effect of nitric oxide
|
Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
|
|
|
Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma
|
Ipratropium
|
|
|
MOA action of cromolyn
|
Mast cell stabilizer
|
|
|
SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy
|
Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively
|
|
|
MOA of quinolones
|
Inhibit DNA gyrase
** |
|
|
Drug used for MRSA
|
Vancomycin
|
|
|
Vancomycin MOA
|
Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
** |
|
|
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it
|
Scotch tape technique
and mebendazole |
|
|
MOA of sulfonamides
|
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
|
|
|
Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media
|
Amoxicillin
** |
|
|
DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis
|
Metronidazole
** |
|
|
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)
|
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
|
|
|
Common side effect of Rifampin
|
Orange urine discoloration
|
|
|
DOC for influenza A and B
|
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
|
|
|
DOC for RSV
|
Ribavirin
|
|
|
HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism
|
Protease inhibitors
|
|
|
DOC for N. gonorrhea
|
Ceftriaxone
|
|
|
DOC for herpes and its MOA
|
Acyclovir; activates thymidine kinase
|
|
|
Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
|
Sulfonamides
|
|
|
Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis
|
sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim
|
|
|
Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses
|
REM is decreased
|
|
|
Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy
|
Ability to cross the placenta
|
|
|
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance
|
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system MEOS
|
|
|
The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics
|
Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)
|
|
|
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures
|
Valproic acid, Phenytoin and Carbamazepine
|
|
|
Drugs of choice for absence seizures
|
Ethosuximide and valproic acid
|
|
|
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures
|
Valproic acid
|
|
|
Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
|
Gabapentin
|
|
|
SE of phenytoin
|
Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
|
|
|
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics
|
Dantrolene
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
Opioid associated with awareness during surgery and post-operative recall, but still used for high-risk cardiovascular surgeries
|
Fentanyl
|
|
|
DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle
|
Dantrolene
|
|
|
Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible
|
Drug induced Parkinsonism
|
|
|
Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine
|
EPS, hyperprolactinemia, amennorrhea, galactorrhea, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
|
|
Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels
|
Risperidone
|
|
|
Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
Dantrolene
|
|
|
Antipsychotics having the strongest autonomic effects
|
Chlorpromazine or Thioridazine
|
|
|
Agent with greater affinity to 5HT2A receptor; reserved for refractory schizophrenia, and can cause weight gain and agranulocytosis
|
Clozapine
|
|
|
Anti-psychotics shown not to cause tardive dyskinesia
|
Clozapine and quetiapine
|
|
|
Major route of elimination for Lithium
|
Kidneys
|
|
|
Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop
|
Lithium toxicity
|
|
|
DOC for bipolar affective disorder
|
Lithium
|
|
|
SE of lithium
|
Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and OCD
|
Imipramine
|
|
|
Unicyclic antidepressant least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures
|
Bupropion
|
|
|
Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release and pain transmission
|
Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
|
|
|
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
|
Miosis, convulsions and constipation
|
|
|
Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states
|
Methadone
|
|
|
Opioid available trans-dermally
|
Fentanyl
|
|
|
Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema
|
Morphine
|
|
|
Moderate opioid agonists
|
Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
|
|
|
Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs
|
Naltrexone
|
|
|
Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include
|
Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses
|
|
|
This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms (abstinence syndrome) to a recovering addict
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
"Date rape drug"
|
Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
|
|
|
These agents are CNS depressants
|
Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
|
|
|
Treatments available for nicotine addiction
|
Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion
|
|
|
THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur
|
Marijuana
|
|
|
This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
|
Bethanechol
|
|
|
Toxicity of cholinergics
|
DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)
|
|
|
Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS
|
Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
|
|
|
Treatment of motion sickness
|
Scopolamine
|
|
|
Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia
|
Atropine, homatropine, and tropicamide
|
|
|
Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
|
Ipratropium
|
|
|
Pneumonic for beta receptors
|
You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)
|
|
|
This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock
|
Epinephrine
|
|
|
These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion)
|
Alpha1 agonists
|
|
|
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
|
Hypertension
|
|
|
Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension
|
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
|
|
|
Selective B1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating cardiac conditions in patients with asthma
|
Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
|
|
|
This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma
|
Timolol
|
|
|
These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion
|
Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)
|
|
|
Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
|
Ace inhibitors
|
|
|
Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are
|
Ace inhibitors
|
|
|
SE of ACE inhibitors
|
Dry cough, hyperkalemia
|
|
|
Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in
|
pregnancy and with hyperkalemia
|
|
|
Losartan and valsartan block
|
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)
|
|
|
Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause
|
Dry cough
|
|
|
SE of CCB
|
Constipation, edema, and headache
|
|
|
Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand
|
Beta-blockers
|
|
|
Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers
|
Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
|
|
|
SE of beta blockers
|
Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)
|
|
|
Alpha 1selective blockers
|
Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
|
|
|
A1a-selective blocker used for BPH
|
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
|
|
|
SE of alpha blockers
|
Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
|
|
|
Methyldopa is contraindicated in
|
Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
|
|
|
SE of hydralazine
|
Lupus-like syndrome
|
|
|
Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma
|
Acetazolamide
|
|
|
SE of acetazolamide
|
Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
|
|
|
Site of action of loop diuretics
|
Thick ascending limb
|
|
|
SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity
|
|
|
Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
|
Work at early distal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
|
|
|
Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit
|
Na+/K+ exchange
|
|
|
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
|
Spironolactone
|
|
|
SE of spironolactone
|
Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
|
|
|
Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure
|
Mannitol
|
|
|
ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus
|
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
|
|
|
MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics
|
Sodium channel blockers
|
|
|
SE of procainamide
|
Lupus-like syndrome
|
|
|
Limiting side effect of Quinidine
|
Prolongs QT interval
|
|
|
DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias
|
Lidocaine
|
|
|
Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to
|
Torsades de pointes
|
|
|
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)
|
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
|
|
|
MOA of nitrates
|
Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles
|
|
|
Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant
|
Warfarin (PT)
|
|
|
Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
|
Antithrombin 3
|
|
|
Antidote to reverse actions of heparin
|
Protamine sulfate
|
|
|
SE of Aspirin
|
GI bleeding
|
|
|
MOA of thrombolytics
|
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which binds fibrin
|
|
|
Thrombolytics are used for
|
Pulmonary embolism and DVT
|
|
|
Agent for pernicious anemia
|
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
|
|
|
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy
|
Folic acid
|
|
|
Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure
|
Erythropoietin
|
|
|
Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect
|
Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4
|
|
|
Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS
|
LFT's
|
|
|
Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis
|
Niacin
|
|
|
SE of niacin
|
Cutaneous flush
|
|
|
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of
|
Lipoprotein lipase
|
|
|
Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Acetaminophen only has
|
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
|
|
|
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for
|
Rheumatic disease
|
|
|
NSAID used in gout
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting
|
Xanthine oxidase
|
