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782 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)
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Half-life (T1/2)
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NSAID contraindicated in gout
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Aspirin
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The selective agents loose their selectivity at
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high doses
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Scabicide organophosphate
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Malathion
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Common side effect of hypnotic agents
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Sedation
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Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines
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Valproic acid
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Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity
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"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"
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Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx
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"On-off-phenomenon"
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Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning
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100% O2 and hyperbaric O2
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Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy
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2 to 3 weeks
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Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered
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5-7 days
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Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thiamine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue
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5-flouracil (5-FU)
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Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation
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6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
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Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking
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Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide
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Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy
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Ability to cross the placenta
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Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome
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Abstinence syndrome
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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's
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Acarbose
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Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)
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Acarbose, miglitol
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Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
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Ace inhibitors
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Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are
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Ace inhibitors
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These beta blockers are less lipid soluble
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Acebutolol and atenolol
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Selective B1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating cardiac conditions in patients with asthma
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Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
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This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis
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Acetazolamide
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Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma
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Acetazolamide
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
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Acetazolamide
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Clinical use for H2 blockers
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Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease
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MOA of AGI's
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Act on intestine, delay absorption of glucose
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Adenosine's MOA
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Activates acetylcholine sensitive K+ channels in SA and AV node
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Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition
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Acute intermittent porphyria
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DOC for herpes and its MOA
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Acyclovir; activates thymidine kinase
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The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications
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Additive CNS depression
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DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
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Adenosine
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Anti-arrhythmic with 15 second duration of action
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Adenosine
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Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by
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Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)
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SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy
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Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively
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ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP
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Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine
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MOA for Valproic acid at high doses
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Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels
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Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor
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Affinity
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Carbamazepine may cause
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Agranulocytosis
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Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis
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Albuterol
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Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome
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Alcohol
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Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase
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Agent that metabolize acetaldehyde to acetate
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase
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Available bisphosphonates
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Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid
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Antidote for salicylate intoxication
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Alkalinize urine, dialysis
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MOA of cisplatin
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Alkylating agent
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Some cell cycle non-specific drugs
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Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea
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Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates
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Allopurinol
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Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP
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Allopurinol
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These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion)
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Alpha1 agonists
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Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder
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Alprazolam and Clonazepam
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MOA of gold salts
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Alter activity of macrophages and suppress phagocytic activity of PMNs
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Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis
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Amantadine
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Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
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Aminocaproic acid
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Antidote for thrombolytics
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Aminocaproic acid
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Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis
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Aminoglutethimide
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Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes
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Amiodarone
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Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia
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Amiodarone
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TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects
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Amitriptyline
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Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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Amoxapine
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Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media
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Amoxicillin
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Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction
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Amphetamines
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Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs
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Amphetamines
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects
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Amrinone and milrinone
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Losartan and valsartan block
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Angiotensin receptor
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Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines
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Anterograde amnesia
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Toxicity of anticholinergics
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Anti-DUMBBELSS
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Four main actions of NSAIDS
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Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity
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Acetaminophen only has
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Antipyretic and analgesic activity
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Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
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Antithrombin 3
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SE for Felbamate
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Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure
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SE of phenylbutazone
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Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis
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SE of penicillamine
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Aplastic anemia and renal
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Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion
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Apraclonidine, brimonidine
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Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase
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Arginine
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Nitroprusside vasodilates
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Arteries and veins
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Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons
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Ascending pathways
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Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor
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Aspirin
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Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI
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Aspirin
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Cutaneous flush and be reduced by pretreatment with
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Aspirin
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Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS
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Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase
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Drugs used in the management of angina
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Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers
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Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
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Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease
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Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers
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Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
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Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)
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Atracurium
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Digoxin is used in
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Atrial fibrillation and CHF
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Treatment of muscarinic symptoms in organophosphate overdose
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Atropine
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Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia
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Atropine, homatropine, and tropicamide
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Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning
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Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
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Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides
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Autocoids
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HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth
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AZT (zidovudine)
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Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients
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Aztreonam
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GABA agonist in the spinal cord
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Baclofen
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Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
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Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin
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Class II antiarrhythmics are
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B-blockers
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Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality
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B-blockers
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Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem
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Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although are not considered benzodiazepines)
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MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels
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Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers
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Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects
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Benztropine
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Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS
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Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
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Antidote for severe CV toxicity of theophylline
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Beta blockers
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Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF
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Beta blockers
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Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF, signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)
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Beta blockers
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B-blockers that are more cardioselective
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Beta C2001-selective blockers
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These agents increase blood flow and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock
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Beta1 agonists
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Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand
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Beta-blockers
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Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
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Beta-blockers such as propranolol
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Long acting GC's
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Betamethasone, dexamethasone, and paramethasone
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This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
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Bethanechol
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Decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol
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Bile acid-binding resins
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Cholestyramine and colestipol are
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Bile acid-binding resins
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MOA of nystatin
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Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
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The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
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Bioavailability (F)
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SE of both warfarin and heparin
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Bleeding
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Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis
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Bleomycin
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Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs
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Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)
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MOA of penicillin
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Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage
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MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)
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Block voltage-dependent sodium channels
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Vancomycin MOA
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Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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SE of demeclocycline
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Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age
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SE of beta blockers
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Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)
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Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema
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Bradykinin
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Peptide causing increased capillary permeability and edema
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Bradykinin and histamine
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Dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinemia
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Bromocriptine
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Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia
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Bromocriptine
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Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia
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Bromocriptine
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Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal
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Buprenorphine
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Unicyclic antidepressant least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures
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Bupropion
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Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor
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Buspirone
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Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety
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Buspirone
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Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache
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Caffeine
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Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption
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Calcitonin (salmon prep)
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Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg
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Calcium
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Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain
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Calcium
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Block L-type calcium channel
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Calcium channel blockers
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MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics
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Calcium channel blockers
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MOA for Ethosuximide
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Calcium channels
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Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)
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Capsaicin
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Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia
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Carbamazepine
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Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida
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Carbamazepine
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Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization
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Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid
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PCN active against pseudomonas
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Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin
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This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)
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Carbidopa
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Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression
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Carboplatin
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Lithium is associated with this congenital defect
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Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation
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Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors
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Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)
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Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy
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Cartilage damage
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Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker
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Carvedilol
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Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB
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Cefixime (2nd) and 3rd generation
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DOC for N. gonorrhea
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Ceftriaxone
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Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates
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Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime
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Newer NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2
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Celecoxib and rofecoxib
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Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2
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Celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib
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Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins
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Cephalosporins
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SE of tPA
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Cerebral hemorrhage
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Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include
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Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses
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Major SE of bisphosphonates
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Chemical esophagitis
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Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia
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Chloramphenicol
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Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs
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Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam
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1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating
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Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine
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Antipsychotics having the strongest autonomic effects
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Chlorpromazine or Thioridazine
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Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life
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Chlorpropamide
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First generation sulfonylurea
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Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.
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During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine
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Cholinesterase inhibitors
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Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers
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Cholinesterase inhibitors
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Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)
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Cholinesterase Regenerators
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H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs
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Cimetidine
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Inhibitors of CYP450
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Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit
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Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides
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Cisplatin
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Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes
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Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram
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Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents
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Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)
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Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack
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Classic
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The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration
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Clearance (CL)
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Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis
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Clindamycin
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Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively
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Clomiphene and tamoxifen
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TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms
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Clomipramine
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Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder
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Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
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Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia
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Clonazepam
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Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN
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Clonidine, and methyldopa
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Effective in preventing TIA's
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Clopidogrel and ticlopidine
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Agent with greater affinity to 5HT2A receptor; reserved for refractory schizophrenia, and can cause weight gain and agranulocytosis
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Clozapine
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Anti-psychotics shown not to cause tardive dyskinesia
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Clozapine and quetiapine
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Regimen used for breast cancer
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CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+
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Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents
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CNS depressants
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Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics
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CNS toxicity
|
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Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery
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Cocaine
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Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction
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Cocaine
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Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)
|
Cocaine "super-speed"
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These LA's have surface activity
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Cocaine and benzocaine
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Moderate opioid agonists
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Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
|
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Three C's associated with TCA toxicity
|
Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)
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Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)
|
Combination oral contraceptives (OC)
|
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Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system
|
Competitive antagonist
|
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SE of CCB
|
Constipation, edema, and headache
|
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Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
COP (cyclophosphamide, oncovin(vincristine), and prednisone)
|
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Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms
|
Corticosteroids
|
|
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Short acting GC's
|
Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)
|
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ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality
|
Cosyntropin
|
|
|
Difference between COX 1 and COX 2
|
COX 1 is found throughout
the body and COX 2 is only in inflammatory tissue |
|
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Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time
|
Cp
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Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin production
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C-peptide
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SE of niacin
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Cutaneous flush
|
|
|
Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment
|
Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate
|
|
|
Agent for pernicious anemia
|
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
|
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Agent used for acute muscle spasm
|
Cyclobenzaprine
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Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
|
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H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist
|
Cyproheptadine
|
|
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Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor
|
Cyproheptadine
|
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Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females
|
Cyproterone acetate
|
|
|
T3 compound less widely used
|
Cytomel
|
|
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DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle
|
Dantrolene
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|
|
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics
|
Dantrolene
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|
Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
Dantrolene
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|
Drug of choice for leprosy
|
Dapsone
|
|
|
Most inhaled anesthetics SE
|
Decrease arterial blood pressure
|
|
|
MOA of metformin
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Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity
|
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MOA of tetracycline
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Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome
|
|
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Antidote used for iron salt toxicity
|
Deferoxamine
|
|
|
Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity
|
Deferoxamine
|
|
|
Antivirals that are teratogens
|
Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin
|
|
|
Used for SIADH
|
Demeclocycline
|
|
|
Common mechanism by which overdose result in death
|
Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers
|
|
|
SE of gold salts
|
Dermatitis of the mouth aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis
|
|
|
Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm
|
Desflurane
|
|
|
Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
|
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
|
|
|
ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus
|
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
|
|
|
May protect against doxorubicin cardio-toxicity by chelating iron
|
Dexrazoxane
|
|
|
Amphetamine agents
|
Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine
|
|
|
These agents are used as antitussive
|
Dextromethorphan, Codeine
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin
|
Diazepam
|
|
|
DOC for status epilepticus
|
Diazepam
|
|
|
Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition
|
Diazepam
|
|
|
Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects
|
Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate
|
|
|
NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation
|
Diclofenac
|
|
|
Reduce transient hyper GI motility
|
Dicyclomine, methscopolamine
|
|
|
Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis
|
Didanosine
|
|
|
Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy
|
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
|
|
|
Antidote for digoxin toxicity
|
Digibind
|
|
|
Antidote used for digitalis toxicity
|
Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)
|
|
|
Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias
|
Digoxin
|
|
|
H1 antagonist used in motion sickness
|
Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation
|
|
|
Antidote for arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning
|
Dimercaprol
|
|
|
Antidote for severe lead poisoning
|
Dimercaprol + CaEDTA (edetate calcium disodium)
|
|
|
Antidote used for lead poisoning
|
Dimercaprol, EDTA
|
|
|
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating
|
Diphendydramine
|
|
|
Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors
|
Diphenhydramine
|
|
|
These agents are used as antidiarrheal
|
Diphenoxylate, Loperamide
|
|
|
Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve
|
Dipyridamole
|
|
|
Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension
|
Disulfiram
|
|
|
Agents that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
|
Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins
|
|
|
Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol
|
Disulfiram-like reaction
|
|
|
Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF
|
Dobutamine and dopamine
|
|
|
5ht-3 antagonist that has been MOST associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease
|
Dolasetron
|
|
|
These agents are congeners of Amphetamine
|
DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"
|
|
|
Hormone inhibiting prolactin release
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep
|
Doxepin
|
|
|
Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible
|
Drug induced Parkinsonism
|
|
|
Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause
|
Dry cough
|
|
|
SE of ACE inhibitors
|
Dry cough, hyperkalemia
|
|
|
Toxicity of cholinergics
|
DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)
|
|
|
SE of Amiodarone
|
Dysfunction, photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome), Pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid and corneal deposits
|
|
|
Antiglaucoma organophosphate
|
Echothiophate
|
|
|
Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population
|
ED50
|
|
|
SE of Thiazolindinediones
|
Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism
|
|
|
Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
|
Edrophonium
|
|
|
Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect
|
Efficacy
|
|
|
Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants
|
Elderly patients
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants
|
Enflurane and halothane
|
|
|
Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)
|
Entacapone and Tolcapone
|
|
|
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
|
Ephedrine
|
|
|
This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock
|
Epinephrine
|
|
|
Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins
|
Epinephrine, dipivefrin
|
|
|
Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine
|
EPS, hyperprolactinemia, amennorrhea, galactorrhea, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
|
|
DOC for Legionnaires' disease
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure
|
Erythropoietin
|
|
|
Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)
|
Esmolol
|
|
|
This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting
|
Esmolol
|
|
|
Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery
|
Esmolol
|
|
|
Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women
|
Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)
|
|
|
Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
Agent with zero-order kinetics
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
Agent that competes for alcohol dehydrogenase in the case of methanol overdose
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
These agents are CNS depressants
|
Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
|
|
|
Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)
|
Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol
|
|
|
Drugs of choice for absence seizures
|
Ethosuximide and valproic acid
|
|
|
Only bisphosphonates available IV
|
Etidronate
|
|
|
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia
|
Etidronate
|
|
|
The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome
|
Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)
|
|
|
New class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins
|
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
|
|
|
Opioid associated with awareness during surgery and post-operative recall, but still used for high-risk cardiovascular surgeries
|
Fentanyl
|
|
|
Opioid available trans-dermally
|
Fentanyl
|
|
|
Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias
|
Ferrous sulfate
|
|
|
2nd generation antihistamines
|
Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
|
|
|
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness
|
Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)
|
|
|
Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects
|
First generation due to being more lipid-soluble
|
|
|
Constant percentage of substrate metabolized per unit time
|
First order kinetics
|
|
|
The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation
|
First pass effect
|
|
|
SE of AGI's
|
Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps
|
|
|
Mineralocorticoids
|
Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone
|
|
|
Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
"Date rape drug"
|
Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
|
|
|
Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation
|
Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents
|
|
|
SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx
|
Fluoxetine
|
|
|
SSRI's less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome
|
Fluoxetine
|
|
|
SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder
|
Fluoxetine (Sarafem)
|
|
|
Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation
|
Fluphenazine and haloperidol
|
|
|
Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer
|
Flutamide (Eulexin)
|
|
|
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy
|
Folic acid
|
|
|
Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure
|
Fomepizole
|
|
|
Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency
|
Full agonist
|
|
|
Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
|
Gabapentin
|
|
|
MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates
|
GABA-related targets
|
|
|
DOC for CMV retinitis
|
Ganciclovir
|
|
|
Antivirals associated with neutropenia
|
Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon
|
|
|
GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility
|
Ganirelix
|
|
|
COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of
|
Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding
|
|
|
Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy
|
G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)
|
|
|
Methyldopa is contraindicated in
|
Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
|
|
|
Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex
|
GFR
|
|
|
SE of Aspirin
|
GI bleeding
|
|
|
SE of phenytoin
|
Gingival hyperplasia
|
|
|
SE of phenytoin
|
Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
|
|
|
Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action
|
Glargine (Lantus)
|
|
|
Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for
|
Glaucoma
|
|
|
3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products
|
Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)
|
|
|
Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)
|
Glucocorticoids
|
|
|
Products of Phase II conjugation
|
Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate
|
|
|
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver
|
GLUT 2
|
|
|
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation
|
GLUT 4
|
|
|
Drugs available in combination with metformin
|
Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone
|
|
|
Second generation sulfonylurea
|
Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.
|
|
|
SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole
|
Gynecomastia
|
|
|
Common SE of spironolactone
|
Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia
|
|
|
SE of spironolactone
|
Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
|
|
|
Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)
|
Half-life (T1/2)
|
|
|
SE of ergot alkaloids
|
Hallucinations resembling psychosis
|
|
|
Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker
|
Haloperidol
|
|
|
Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects
|
Haloperidol
|
|
|
Agents used in Tourette's dx
|
Haloperidol or pimozide
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis
|
Halothane
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents
|
Halothane and methoxyflurane
|
|
|
Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy
|
Heparin
|
|
|
SE of heparin
|
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
|
|
|
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines
|
Hepatic
|
|
|
Most frequent route of metabolism
|
Hepatic enzymes
|
|
|
Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market
|
Hepatic toxicity
|
|
|
SE of acetaminophen
|
Hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
Most commonly abused in health care professionals
|
Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl
|
|
|
Prototype ganglion blocker
|
Hexamethonium
|
|
|
Drug with a high margin of safety
|
High therapeutic index
|
|
|
Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene
|
Hot flashes
|
|
|
Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle
|
Hydralazine
|
|
|
Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis
|
Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)
|
|
|
Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
|
|
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
|
|
Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive
|
hydroxyzine (Atarax)
|
|
|
This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics
|
Hypercalcemia
|
|
|
This may enhance activity of local anesthetics
|
Hyperkalemia
|
|
|
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
|
Hypertension
|
|
|
Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)
|
Hypertensive crisis
|
|
|
SE of minoxidil
|
Hypertrichosis
|
|
|
SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
|
|
|
SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity
|
|
|
Major SE of insulin
|
Hypoglycemia
|
|
|
Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide
|
Hypoglycemia
|
|
|
Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by
|
Hypokalemia
|
|
|
Routes of administration of heparin
|
IM (only LMW) and IV
|
|
|
TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and OCD
|
Imipramine
|
|
|
Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins
|
Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)
|
|
|
Barbiturates MOA
|
Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels
|
|
|
MOA for benzodiazepines
|
increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening
|
|
|
Major drug interaction with Quinidine
|
Increases concentration of Digoxin
|
|
|
Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by
|
Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines
|
|
|
MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)
|
Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase
|
|
|
NSAID used in gout
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group
|
Infants
|
|
|
Contraindications to use of atropine
|
Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy
|
|
|
Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
|
Infliximab and etanercept
|
|
|
These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)
|
Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic
|
|
|
Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect
|
Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4
|
|
|
MOA of sulfonamides
|
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
|
|
|
MOA of quinolones
|
Inhibit DNA gyrase
|
|
|
MOA of thiazide diuretics
|
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport
|
|
|
MOA of corticosteroids
|
inhibit phospholipase A2
|
|
|
MOA of NSAIDS
|
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)
|
|
|
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)
|
Inhibiting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis
|
|
|
MOA of erythromycin
|
Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome
|
|
|
MOA of lovastatin (STATIN)
|
inhibits HMG COA reductase
|
|
|
MOA of loop diuretics
|
inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport
|
|
|
MOA of Bisphosphonates
|
Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption
|
|
|
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)
|
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
|
|
|
PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA
|
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin
|
|
|
MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors
|
Insulin
|
|
|
MOA of both generations
|
Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels
|
|
|
MOA of repaglinide
|
Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea
|
|
|
Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells
|
Interferon alpha
|
|
|
Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy
|
Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)
|
|
|
Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism
|
Iodide salts
|
|
|
Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
|
Ipodate
|
|
|
Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma
|
Ipratropium
|
|
|
Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
|
Ipratropium
|
|
|
MOA of aspirin
|
Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase
|
|
|
Beta cells are found
|
Islets of Langerhans
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation
|
Isoflurane
|
|
|
This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence
|
IV administration
|
|
|
Drugs of choice for status epilepticus
|
IV diazepam (or lorazapam) followed by phenytoin
|
|
|
This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery
|
Ketamine
|
|
|
5HT2 antagonist mediate synaptic excitation in the CNS and smooth muscle contraction
|
Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and ergot alkaloids (partial agonist of alpha and serotonin receptors)
|
|
|
Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids
|
Ketoconazole
|
|
|
NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically
|
Ketoralac
|
|
|
NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity
|
Ketoralac
|
|
|
SE of colchicine
|
Kidney and liver toxicity
|
|
|
Major route of elimination for Lithium
|
Kidneys
|
|
|
Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF
|
Labetalol and carvedilol
|
|
|
Most important potential SE of metformin
|
Lactic acidosis
|
|
|
Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)
|
L-asparaginase
|
|
|
Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population
|
LD50
|
|
|
Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB
|
L-dopa
|
|
|
Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops
|
Lepirudin
|
|
|
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
|
Leucovorin
|
|
|
GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively
|
Leuprolide
|
|
|
Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility
|
Leuprolide
|
|
|
Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma
|
Levodopa
|
|
|
Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS
|
LFT's
|
|
|
DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias
|
Lidocaine
|
|
|
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of
|
Lipoprotein lipase
|
|
|
Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action
|
Lispro (Humalog)
|
|
|
DOC for bipolar affective disorder
|
Lithium
|
|
|
Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop
|
Lithium toxicity
|
|
|
Exogenous insulin
|
Little C-peptide
|
|
|
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property
|
Liver enzyme INDUCTION
|
|
|
Major SE of zileuton
|
Liver toxicity
|
|
|
SE of mirtazapine
|
Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol
|
|
|
Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)
|
Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))
|
|
|
Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number
|
Log-kill hypothesis
|
|
|
Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma
|
Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors
|
|
|
Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves
|
Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)
|
Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam
|
|
|
Orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation
|
Low potency and risperidone
|
|
|
Drug with a narrow margin of safety
|
Low therapeutic index
|
|
|
Reduced seizure threshold
|
Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine
|
|
|
Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug
|
LSD
|
|
|
Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain
|
L-thyroxine (T4)
|
|
|
SE of hydralazine
|
Lupus-like syndrome
|
|
|
SE of procainamide
|
Lupus-like syndrome
|
|
|
MOA of thrombolytics
|
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which binds fibrin
|
|
|
Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes
|
Magnesium sulfate
|
|
|
Agent to treat torsades de pointes
|
Magnesium sulfate
|
|
|
Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)
|
Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))
|
|
|
Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure
|
Mannitol
|
|
|
Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity
|
Maprotiline
|
|
|
THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur
|
Marijuana
|
|
|
MOA action of cromolyn
|
Mast cell stabilizer
|
|
|
Important drug interaction with chloral hydrate
|
May displace coumadin from plasma proteins
|
|
|
Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation
|
Mechlorethamine
|
|
|
MOPP regimen used in Hodgkin's disease (HD)
|
Mechlorethamine+ oncovorin (vincristine)+ procarbazine, and prednisone
|
|
|
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance
|
MEOS
|
|
|
All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction
|
Meperidine
|
|
|
Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome
|
Meperidine
|
|
|
Biguanide
|
Metformin
|
|
|
Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states
|
Methadone
|
|
|
Treatment for opioid addiction
|
Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction
|
|
|
Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria
|
Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin
|
|
|
Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism
|
Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)
|
|
|
Causes bone marrow suppression
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency
|
Methoxyflurane
|
|
|
Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA
|
Metrifonate
|
|
|
DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid) and sometimes for adrenal function test
|
Metyrapone
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia
|
Midazolam
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia
|
Midazolam
|
|
|
Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with
|
Midodrine
|
|
|
Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor
|
Mifepristone
|
|
|
Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient
|
Mifepristone (RU-486)
|
|
|
Inversely related to potency of anesthetics
|
Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)
|
|
|
Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne
|
Minocycline
|
|
|
Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels
|
Minoxidil
|
|
|
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
|
Miosis, convulsions and constipation
|
|
|
Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating
|
Mirtazapine
|
|
|
Non-depolarizing antagonist has short duration
|
Mivacurium
|
|
|
Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression
|
Monamine oxidase inhibitors
|
|
|
Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema
|
Morphine
|
|
|
Opioids used in anesthesia
|
Morphine and fentanyl
|
|
|
Strong opioid agonists
|
Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl
|
|
|
Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located
|
Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance
|
|
|
Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)
|
Muscarinic blockers
|
|
|
SE for ganciclovir
|
Myelosuppression
|
|
|
Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit
|
Na+/K+ exchange
|
|
|
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
This beta blocker is the longest acting
|
Nadolol
|
|
|
Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms (abstinence syndrome) to a recovering addict
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
Antidote used for opioid toxicity
|
Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)
|
|
|
Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs
|
Naltrexone
|
|
|
Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse
|
Nandrolone and stanozolol
|
|
|
Amino acid derivative for treatment of Type II diabetes
|
Nateglinide
|
|
|
Most common SE of fibrates
|
Nausea
|
|
|
Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure
|
Nefazodone
|
|
|
Carbamate with intermediate action postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
|
Neostigmine
|
|
|
Common toxicities of cisplatin
|
Nephro and ototoxicity
|
|
|
Two toxicities of aminoglycosides
|
nephro and ototoxicity
|
|
|
Toxicity of amphotericin
|
Nephrotoxicity
|
|
|
Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide
|
Nesiritide (Natrecor)
|
|
|
State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide
|
Neuroleptanesthesia
|
|
|
Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation
|
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
|
|
|
SE for ticlopidine
|
Neutropenia and agranulocytosis
|
|
|
Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome
|
Nevirapine, amprenavir
|
|
|
Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis
|
Niacin
|
|
|
W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort
|
Nicotine
|
|
|
CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation
|
Nifedipine
|
|
|
Drug used in Chagas disease
|
Nifurtimox
|
|
|
Antidote used for cyanide poisoning
|
Nitrites
|
|
|
Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks
|
Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets
|
|
|
IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis
|
Nitroprusside
|
|
|
Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene
|
Nitroprusside
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient
|
Nitrous oxide
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetics, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration
|
Nitrous oxide
|
|
|
Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia
|
Nitrous oxide
|
|
|
Inhalant anesthetics
|
NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether
|
|
|
Ability to bind to either the same or different site as the drug
|
Noncompetitive antagonist
|
|
|
Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis
|
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers
|
|
|
These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)
|
Nondepolarizing type antagonists
|
|
|
Prototypical drug is atropine
|
Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants
|
Norepinephrine and serotonin
|
|
|
Endogenous insulin
|
Normal C-peptide
|
|
|
Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect
|
Nortriptyline, Desipramine
|
|
|
Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX
|
NSAIDS
|
|
|
Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors
|
Octreotide
|
|
|
DOC of chemo induced nausea and vomiting
|
Odansetron
|
|
|
Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist
|
Odansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron
|
|
|
Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes
|
Olanzapine
|
|
|
Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation
|
Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole
|
|
|
Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor
|
Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors
|
|
|
Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only
|
Older antipsychotics
|
|
|
5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced
emesis |
Ondansetron, granisetron,
dolasetron and palonosetron |
|
|
SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone
|
Opioid Analgesics
|
|
|
Route of administration of warfarin
|
Oral
|
|
|
Nitrate used to prevent further attacks
|
Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin
|
|
|
Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis
|
ORAL vancomycin
|
|
|
Common side effect of Rifampin
|
Orange urine discoloration
|
|
|
Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing
|
Organic nitrites
|
|
|
Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch
|
Ortho-Evra
|
|
|
SE of alpha blockers
|
Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
|
|
|
DOC for influenza A and B
|
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
|
|
|
Some side effects of corticosteroids
|
Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis
|
|
|
Uses of bisphosphonates
|
Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy
|
|
|
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect
|
Ototoxicity
|
|
|
Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death
|
Overdose of opioids
|
|
|
Different steps of Phase I
|
Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
|
|
|
Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence
|
Oxybutynin, dicyclomine
|
|
|
Drug that causes contraction of the uterus
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding
|
Oxytocin and ergonovine
|
|
|
Binds tubulin and prevents the disassembly of microtubules during the M phase of the cell cycle inducing mitotic arrest
|
Paclitaxel (taxol)
|
|
|
Agent can blocking muscarinic receptors
|
Pancuronium
|
|
|
Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression
|
Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD
|
|
|
The most toxic organophosphate
|
Parathion
|
|
|
SE of acetazolamide
|
Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
|
|
|
Ability to produce less than 100% of the response
|
Partial agonist
|
|
|
Treatments available for nicotine addiction
|
Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion
|
|
|
Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic
|
PCP
|
|
|
Antidote used in Wilson's disease (copper poisoning)
|
Penicillamine
|
|
|
Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease
|
Penicillamine
|
|
|
Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication
|
Pentoxifylline
|
|
|
SE of INH
|
Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis
|
|
|
The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics
|
Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)
|
|
|
Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis
|
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
|
|
|
Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence
|
PGE1 (Alprostadil)
|
|
|
Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN
|
PGI2 (epoprostenol)
|
|
|
This step of metabolism makes drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination
|
Phase I
|
|
|
DOC for febrile seizures
|
Phenobarbital
|
|
|
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis
|
Phenoxybenzamine
|
|
|
Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma
|
Phenoxybenzamine
|
|
|
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena
|
Phentolamine
|
|
|
For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal
|
Phentolamine
|
|
|
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia
|
Phenylephrine
|
|
|
DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
Enzyme which theophylline inhibits
|
Phosphodiesterase
|
|
|
Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning
|
Physostigmine
|
|
|
Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions
|
Physostigmine
|
|
|
Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma
|
Pilocarpine
|
|
|
These agents are used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome
|
Pilocarpine or Cevimeline
|
|
|
Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction
|
Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine
|
|
|
Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma
|
Pindolol and acebutolol
|
|
|
Thiazolidinediones
|
Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)
|
|
|
Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by
|
Platelet aggregation inhibition
|
|
|
Type of resistance found with vancomycin
|
Point mutation
|
|
|
SE of methyldopa
|
Positive Comb's test, depression
|
|
|
Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization
|
Postsynaptic Mu receptors
|
|
|
SE of nitrates
|
Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation
|
|
|
MOA of class III antiarrhythmics
|
Potassium channel blockers
|
|
|
Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect
|
Potency
|
|
|
Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection
|
Potential for development of Reye's syndrome
|
|
|
This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure
|
Pralidoxime
|
|
|
Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion
|
Pralidoxime
|
|
|
Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's
|
Pramipexole and ropinirole
|
|
|
Alpha 1selective blockers
|
Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
|
|
|
Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension
|
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
|
|
|
Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms
|
Prednisone
|
|
|
Intermediate acting GC's
|
Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone
|
|
|
COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with
|
Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease
|
|
|
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
Fibrates are contraindicated in
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
Warfarin is contraindicated in
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in
|
pregnancy and with K+
|
|
|
Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release and pain transmission
|
Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
|
|
|
LA causing methemoglobinemia
|
Prilocaine
|
|
|
Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria
|
Primaquine
|
|
|
CCB are DOC for
|
Prinzmetal's angina
|
|
|
Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion
|
Probenecid
|
|
|
Alkylating agent that produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol
|
Procarbazine
|
|
|
Alpha cells in the pancreas
|
Produce glucagon
|
|
|
Beta cells in the pancreas
|
Produce insulin
|
|
|
Delta cells in the pancreas
|
Produce Somatostatin
|
|
|
Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone
|
Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks
|
|
|
Side effect of sotalol
|
prolongs QT and PR interval
|
|
|
Limiting side effect of Quinidine
|
Prolongs QT interval
|
|
|
Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension
|
Propofol
|
|
|
Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures
|
Propoxyphene
|
|
|
This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares
|
Propranolol
|
|
|
Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis
|
Propranolol
|
|
|
Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor
|
Propranolol
|
|
|
Prostaglandins that cause abortions
|
Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha
|
|
|
This agent cause increased aqueous outflow
|
Prostaglandin PGF2a
|
|
|
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
|
Protamine Sulfate
|
|
|
Antidote to reverse actions of heparin
|
Protamine sulfate
|
|
|
HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism
|
Protease inhibitors
|
|
|
Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to
|
Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures
|
|
|
Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy
|
PTU
|
|
|
Thrombolytics are used for
|
Pulmonary embolism and DVT
|
|
|
Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously
|
Pulse therapy
|
|
|
Treatment of myasthenia gravis
|
Pyridostigmine
|
|
|
Increased risk of developing cataracts
|
Quetiapine
|
|
|
Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy
|
Radioactive iodine
|
|
|
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study)
|
Raloxifene
|
|
|
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx.
|
Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
|
|
|
SE of clonidine
|
Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth
|
|
|
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma
|
Reduce aqueous synthesis
|
|
|
Sedative-Hypnotics action
|
Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation
|
|
|
Often mixed with local anesthetic to
|
Reduce the loss from area of injection
|
|
|
Diuretics work in CHF by
|
Reducing preload
|
|
|
Beta blockers work in CHF by
|
Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)
|
|
|
Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia
|
Regular (Humulin R)
|
|
|
MOA of nitrates
|
Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles
|
|
|
Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses
|
REM is decreased
|
|
|
Meglitinide
|
Repaglinide
|
|
|
Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents
|
Rescue therapy
|
|
|
The most important cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity
|
Respiratory failure
|
|
|
SE of hydroxychloroquine
|
Retinal destruction and dermatitis
|
|
|
Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of
|
Rhabdomyolysis
|
|
|
SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors
|
Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for
|
Rheumatic disease
|
|
|
DOC for RSV
|
Ribavirin
|
|
|
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)
|
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
|
|
|
Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia
|
Risperidone
|
|
|
Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels
|
Risperidone
|
|
|
Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma
|
Salmeterol
|
|
|
Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma
|
Salmeterol
|
|
|
Treatment of motion sickness
|
Scopolamine
|
|
|
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it
|
Scotch tape technique
and mebendazole |
|
|
Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines
|
Sedation
|
|
|
SE of imipenem
|
Seizures
|
|
|
MOA of Colchicine (used in acute gout)
|
Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly
|
|
|
Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed pt's
|
Selegiline
|
|
|
GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent
|
Sermorelin
|
|
|
MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition
|
Serotonin syndrome
|
|
|
Antipsychotic that does not block muscarinic or histamine receptors, and it prolongs the QT interval
|
Sertindole
|
|
|
Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid
|
Serum ammonia and LFT's
|
|
|
Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate
|
Severe hypertension
|
|
|
Side effect of Mitomycin
|
SEVERE myelosuppression
|
|
|
All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion
|
Side-effect profile and prior pt response
|
|
|
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
|
Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
|
|
|
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
|
Skeletal muscle tremor
|
|
|
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3
|
Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
|
|
|
Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
|
Sodium bicarbonate
|
|
|
Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
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Sodium blockade
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MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics
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Sodium channel blockers
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Antidote for hyperkalemia
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sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
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Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)
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Somatrem
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Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties
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Sotalol
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Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease
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Spasmolytic drugs
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Selectivity of a drug for its receptor
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Specificity
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Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors
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Spironolactone
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Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
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Spironolactone
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Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants
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SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine
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Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids
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St. Anthony's Fire
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When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination
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Steady state
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Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression
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Steroids
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SE for Lamotrigine
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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MOA of thiazolindinediones
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Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism
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MOA and effect of nitric oxide
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Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
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MOA of nateglinide
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Stimulates rapid and transient release of of insulin through closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel
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Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction
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Streptokinase
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Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic
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Streptomycin
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Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use
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Succinylcholine
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One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, xcuses muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur
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Succinylcholine
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Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis
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sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim
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Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis
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Sulfasalazine
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Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
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Sulfonamides
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Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
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Sulfonamides
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Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation
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Sumatriptan
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5HT-1D/1B agonist used for migraine headaches
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Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan
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Drug used for African sleeping sickness
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Suramin
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Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer
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Tamoxifen
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A1a-selective blocker used for BPH
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Tamsulosin (Flomax)
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Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population
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TD50
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Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
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Terbutaline
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Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.
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Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)
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Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's
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Tertiary amines
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Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm
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Testicular cancer
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Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase
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Testosterone
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Agents used in Huntington's Disease
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Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)
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Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors
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Tetracaine and bupivacaine
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Drug causes teeth discoloration
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Tetracycline
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Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium
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Theophylline
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Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect
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Therapeutic index
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Site of action of loop diuretics
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Thick ascending limb
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Anti-thyroid drugs
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Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate
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Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia
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Thiopental
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IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic
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Thiopental
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Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias
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Thioridazine
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SE of amrinone
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Thrombocytopenia
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Other side effects of Quinidine
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Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM
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Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors
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Thyroid and steroid hormones
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Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin
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Ticlopidine
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This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma
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Timolol
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These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion
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Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)
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SE of salicylates
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Tinnitus, GI bleeding
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Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA
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Tissue plasmin activator
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Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension
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Tizanidine
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Nitrate free intervals are needed due to
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Tolerance
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Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses
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Tolerance
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Topical DOC in impetigo
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Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)
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Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer
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Toremifene (Fareston)
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Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to
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Torsades de pointes
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Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism
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Trazodone
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SE of lithium
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Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus
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Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly
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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
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Ganglionic blockers formerly used in HTN
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Trimethaphan, and hexamethonium
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Agent with long duration of action and is sost likely to cause histamine release
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Tubocurarine
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Long acting insulin
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Ultralente (humulin U)
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MOA of general anesthetics
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Unclear, thought to increase the threshold for firing of CNS neurons
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Removal of PCP may be aided
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Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction
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Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist
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Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction
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Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy
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Uterine contractions
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Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress
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Valproic acid
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Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures
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Valproic acid
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Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)
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Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin
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Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures
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Valproic acid, Phenytoin and Carbamazepine
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Drug used for MRSA
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Vancomycin
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Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention
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Vancomycin, infusion
at a slow rate and antihistamines |
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Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity
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Vasodilation
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Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure
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Venlafaxine
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Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake
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Venlafaxine
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CCB contraindicated in CHF
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Verapamil
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Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation
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Vincristine
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Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia
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Vitamin B12
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Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption
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Vitamin D
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Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
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Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
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Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin
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Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma
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Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration
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Volume of distribution (VD)
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Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant
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Warfarin (PT)
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Site of action of thiazide diuretics
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Work at early distal convoluted tubule
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Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting
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Xanthine oxidase
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Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)
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Yohimbine
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Pneumonic for beta receptors
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You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)
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Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma
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Zafirlukast and montelukast
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Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration
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Zero order kinetics
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Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
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Zileuton
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Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea
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Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines
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Zolpidem, zaleplon
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