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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is metronidazole active against
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protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
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what is the absorbtion of metronidazole like
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well absorbed
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how is metronidazole given
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IV
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what is the mechanism of action of metronidazole
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it binds to DNA and interferes w/ nucleic acid synthesis
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what type of penetration is seen in metronidazole
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penetrates the CNS
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when should you reduce the dose of metronidazole and why
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reduce w/ hepatic dysfunction b/c of hepatic metabolism
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what provides excellent coverage for Bacteroides fragilis and C difficile
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metronidazole
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what is the drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis
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metronidazole
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what is active against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
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metronidazole
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what drug is effective in mixed intra-abdominal infections and brain abscesses
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metronidazole
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what drug is useful for Gardnerella vaginalis, H. pylori, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis
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metronidazole
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what is metronidazole useful for
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Gardnerella vaginalis, H. pylori, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis
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what are the adverse affects of metronidazole
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GI irritation, gun metal taste, disulfiram rxn, leukopenia
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what interactions should be aware of when giving metronidazole
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Potentiation of coumadin, avoid ethanol consumption while on Metronidazole
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true or false: mupirocin is unrelated to any other drug
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true
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what is mupirocin active against
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gram + cocci
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what is the mechanism of action of mupirocin
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Inhibits staphylococcal isoleucyl tRNA synthetase
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what does H pylori cause
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ulcers
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how is mupirocin given
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only orally
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what drug is Indicated for impetigo, and for the elimination of MRSA from the nares
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mupirocin
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what is mupiricin indicated for
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Indicated for impetigo, and for the elimination of MRSA from the nares
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what drug cann given prophylactially for MRSA
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mupiricin
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what drug is a polypeptide antibiotic
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polymyxin
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what drug is the "alter ego" of bacitracin
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polymixin
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is polymixin cidal or static and what for
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cidal- gram neg. bacteria q0
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what is the mechanism of action of polymixin
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acts like a detergent and disrupts cell membrane-disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane thus allowing the cytoplasmic contents to leak out
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what is a topical Rx for gram neg infections
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polymixin
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what drug is nephrotoxic is given systemically
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polymixin
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what drug is classified as a urinary tract antiseptic
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nitrofurantoin
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where is the antibacterial activity of nitrofurantoin localized to
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urinary bladder
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how is nitrofurantoin given
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orally w/ food
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what happens when nitrofurantoin is given w/ food
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the food increases absorption and decreases GI absorption
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which drug when given orally w/ food increases absorption and decreases GI absorption
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nitrofurantoin
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which drug has rapid excretion to the urine
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nitrofurantoin
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true or false: nitrofurantoin causes systemic effects
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false- lacks systemic effects
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what drug is cidal for gram pos and neg organisms and commonly causes UTI's with the exception of proteus and pseudomonas
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nitrofurantoin
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what is nitrofurantoin also known as
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macrodanton
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what is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin
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causes DNA strand breakage
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what drug is contraindicated b/c of severe renal impairment
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nitrofurantoin
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what drug antagonizes the action of Nalidixic acid
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nitrofurantoin
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what drug causes GI distress, rash, phototoxicity, neuropathy, and pulmonary fibrosis and hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
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nitrofurantoin
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what are the adverse effects of nitrofurantoin
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cause GI distress, rash, phototoxicity, neuropathy, and pulmonary fibrosis and hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
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what type of drug is nalidixic acid
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quinolone
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what is nalidixic acid active against
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many gram-negatives except proteus and pseudomonas
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true or false: naldixic acid is a urinary tract antiseptic w/ systemic efficacy
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false, urinary tract antiseptic w/out systemic efficacy
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what drug has resistance that emerges rapidly
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nalidixic acid
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what drug exhibits cross resistance w/ fluroquinolones
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nalidixic acid
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what drug can cause rash phototoxicity and CNS stimulation
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nalidixic acid
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what drug releases formaldehyde when in the presence of acidic urine
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methenamine
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what drug forms insoluble complexes with sulfonamides
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methenamine
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if a combination of drugs forms insoluble complexes with sulfonamides, should they be used together
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no
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what drug is used as a urinary tract antiseptic to suppress but not treat UTI
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methenamine
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how is methenamine be used
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as a urinary tract antiseptic to suppress but not treat UTI
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what drug may give a false positive test for urinary catecholamine metabolites
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methenamine
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what are the 2 acohols
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ethanol and isopropyl alcohol
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what drug is Rapidly active, killing vegetative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and many fungi and inactivating lipophillic viruses
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alcohol
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what is acohol active against
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alcohol vegetative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and many fungi and inactivating lipophillic viruses
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what is the optimum bactericidal concentration
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60-90% by volume in water
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how do alcohols act
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be denaturing proteins
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what reduces nosocomial infections and are the preferred method of hand decontamination per the CDC
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alcohol based hand rubs
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what are alcohol based hand rubs ineffective against
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spores of C diff
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assiduous handwashing with a disinfectant soap and water is still required for what
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decontamination after caring for a patient with infection from this organism
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true or false: chlorohexadine digluconate is water soluble
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true
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what drug is used in water-based formulations as an antiseptic
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chlorhexidine digluconate
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what drug is active against vegetative bacteria and mycobacteria and has moderate activity against fungi and viruses
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chlorahexadine
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what is the mechanism of action of chlorahexadine
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strongly adsorbs to bacterial membranes, causing leakage of small molecules and precipitation of cytoplasmic proteins
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what is chlorahexadine more active against
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gram + cocci
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when is chlorahexadine contraindicated
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during surgery of the middle ear space because it can cause sensorineural deafness
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what drug is a halogen
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iodine
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what drug in a 1:20,000 solution is bactericidal in 1 minute and kills spores in 15 minutes
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iodine
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what is the most active antiseptic for intact skin
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tincture of iodine
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what drug is not commonly used because of serious hypersensitivity reactions that may occur and because of its staining of clothing and dressings
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tincture of iodine
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what drugs are halogens
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iodine, Iodophors,
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what are Iodophors
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complexes of iodine with a surface-active agent such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP; povidone-iodine).
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what are iodophors active against
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Kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and lipid-containing viruses
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what drug may be sporicidal upon prolonged exposure
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iodophors
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tincture of iodine or iodophors: which one is less irritating and less likely to produce skin hypersensitivity
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iodophors
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what drug acts as rapidly as chlorhexidine and have a broader spectrum of action, including sporicidal action
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iodophors
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true or false: iodophors lack the persistent action of chlorohexadine
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iodophors
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what is chlorine
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household bleach
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what % of sodium hypochlorate is in chlorine
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5.25%
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what does the CDC recommend as a ratio dilution of bleach for disinfection of blood spills
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1:10
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how should chlorine be applied
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for 10 minutes at 24 degrees C
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what drug consists of a benzene ring with an hydroxyl group attached
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phenols
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what drug is the oldest surgical antiseptic
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phenols
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what drug is no longer used because of its toxicity
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phenols
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how can phenols be made less toxic
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by replacing a hydrogen from the aromatic ring with a functional group
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what drug can cause cerebral edema and seizures.
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phenols- Hexachlorophene
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what drugs are cationic surface active agents
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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what is the general structure of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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polar end and a long lipophillic hydrocarbon chain on the other end
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what is the mech. of action of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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Disruption of cell membranes, denaturation of proteins
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what drug does the CDC does not recommend the use as antiseptics of because pseudomonas can grow in the antiseptic solution
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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what are the 2 aldehydes
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Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
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what drugs should be used for sterilization of instruments that cannot withstand pressured steam
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Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
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what are aldehydes not corrosive for
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metal plastic rubber
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what drug is a potential carcinogen
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formaldehyde
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how is superoxidized water formed
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electrolysis of saline
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what are the active compounds of superoxidized water
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Hypochlorous acid and chlorine
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what is superoxidized water used for
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disinfection of endoscopes and dental materials
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true or false: superoxidized water is nontoxic and requires no special disposal precautions
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true
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what drugs have high killing activity and a broad spectrum against bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi
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Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic
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Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic are types of what
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peroxygen compounds
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what are the characteristics of the decomposition products of peroxygen compounds
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not toxic and do not injure the environment
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what elements are heavy metals
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silver/mercury, thimerosal
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true or false: silver and mercury cannot be used as disinfectants
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false: can be
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what drug is used as a preservative in vaccines, antitoxins, and immune sera
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Thimerosal
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what is the active ingredient of thimerosal
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mercury
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of what drug is the active component mercury
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thimerosal
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Inorganic silver salts are strongly: cidal or static
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bacteriocidal
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what is the ration of silver nitrate
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1:1000
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what drug is used for prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmitis in newborns and in what ratio
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silver nitrate 1:1000
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what drug slowly releases silver and is used to suppress bacterial growth in burn wounds.
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silver sulfadiazine
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what is the basic method for sterilizing instruments and decontaminating materials
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pressurized steam (autoclaving) at 120°C for 30 minutes
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how should instruments be sterilized when autoclaving is not possible
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ethylene oxide diluted with either fluorocarbon or carbon dioxide to diminish explosive hazard is used at 440-1200 mg/L at 45-60°C with 30-60% relative humidity.
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what would prevent an instrument from being autoclaved
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lensed instruments and materials containing plastic and rubber
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true or false: Disinfectants are used in medications, vaccines, cosmetic products, and contact lens to prevent the growth of bacteria
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true
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how are preservatives given
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multi vs single dose vials
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what is the correct definition for: application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
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antisepsis
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what is antisepsis
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Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
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what is the definition of: Destruction or marked reduction in number or activity of microorganisms
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decontamination
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what is decontamination
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Destruction or marked reduction in number or activity of microorganisms
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what is disinfection
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Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
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what is the defintion of: Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
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disinfection
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what is sanitation
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Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
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what is the definition of: Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
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sanitation
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what is sterilization
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A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptable low probability of survival
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what is the definition of: A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptable low probability of survival
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sterilization
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what is pasteurization
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A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100 degrees C
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what is the definition of: A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100 degrees C
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pasteurization
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