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96 Cards in this Set
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short acting sulfonamides (less than 12 h)
|
sulfacetamide
sulfamethizole sulfathiazole sulfisoxazole trisulfapyrimidine (triple sulfas) |
|
intermediate acting sulfonamides (12-24h)
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sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)
sulfapyridine sulfachlorpyridine sulfamethazine sulfadiazine |
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long-acting sulfonamides (greater than 24 h)
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sulfadimethoxine
sulfamethazine sulfaethoxypyridazine |
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enteric sulfonamides - local action in GIT; NOT absorbable
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succinylsulfathiazole
*sulfasalazine (COLITIS in dogs) *sulfaquinoxaline (POULTRY COCCIDIAL) phthalylsulfathiazole |
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3 commonly used diaminopyrimidines
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ormetoprim - ruminants (not degraded in rumen)
pyrimethamine - protozoa trimethoprim |
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2 long acting formulations of penicillin G
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benzathine
procaine |
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2 groups of natural penicillins
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penicillin G - parenteral
penicillin V - good orally b/c not hydrolyzed in stomach |
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Microbial susceptibility of sulfonamides
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broad spectrum;
gram-positive gram-negative some protozoa (e.g. coccidia) NO obligate anaerobes NO mycobacterium NO mycoplasma NO pseudomonas NO spirochete |
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Which diaminopyrimidine drug is effective against protozoa
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Pyrimethamine
|
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Microbial susceptibility of potentiated sulfonamides
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gram positive
many gram neg some protozoa (coccidia, toxoplasma) NOT pseudomonas |
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Microbial susceptibility of natural penicillins
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many streptococci spp
non-penicillinase producing staph gram pos and neg bacilli gram pos and neg anaerobes Spirochetes NO pseudomonas NO enterobact NO penicillinase producing staph |
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Microbial susceptibility of semi-synthetic penicillin - penicillinase-resistant penicillin class
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many penicillinase-producing staph
bovine staph mastitis |
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Microbial susceptibility of semi-synthetic penicillin - broad spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
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same as natural penicillins
plus enterobact |
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2 main broad-spectrum penicillins (semi-synthetic)
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amoxicillin
ampicillin |
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Penicillinase-resistant penicillins - good oral absorption and poor oral
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good:
cloxacillin oxacillin dicloxacillin poor: nafcillin methicillin |
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5 drugs under extended spectrum - anti-pseudomonal penicillins (carboxypenicillins)
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ticarcillin
carbenicillin piperacillin mezlocillin azlocillin |
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Microbial susceptibility of extended spectrum penicillins
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PSEUDOMONAS
gram neg aerobes and anaerobes many enterobact |
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First gen cephalosporin
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cefadroxil
cefazolin cephalexin cephalothin cephapirin cephradine |
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microbial susceptibility of first gen cephaosporin
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highest activity for gram pos
also gram neg cefazolin - greatest gram neg activity |
|
Second gen cephalosporin
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cefaclor
cefamandole cefmetazole cefonicid cefotetan cefoxitin cefprozil cefuroxime |
|
microbial susceptibility of second gen cephalosporin
|
gram neg
many aerobes |
|
third gen cephalosporins
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cefixime
cefoperazone cefotaxime *ceftiofur ceftazidime ceftizoxime ceftriaxone cefovecin |
|
microbial susceptibility of third gen cephalosporin
|
gram neg
ceftiofur - broader gram pos and less pseudomonas than other 3rd gen |
|
4th gen cephalosporin
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cefepime - gram pos cocci, enteric gram neg
PSEUDOMONAS |
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common aminoglycosides
|
streptomycin
ncomycin kanamycin gentamicin - MOST prone to toxicity (nephrotoxicity) amikacin tobramycin |
|
microbial susceptibility of aminoglycosides
|
aerobic gram-neg
gentamicin - plus pseudomonas ANAEROBES RESISTANT b/c O2-DEPENDENT |
|
broadest spectrum of all aminoglycoside?
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amikacin
|
|
efficacy predictor of aminoglycosides
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type 1
|
|
aminoglycoside that can work against pseudomonas in dogs and cats?
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tobramycin
|
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topical use aminoglycoside b/c too toxic for systemic use
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neomycin
|
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aminoglycoside for protozoal infections as well as bacterial (e.g. giardia, leishmania, entamoeba histolytica, balatidium coli)
|
*paromomycin
|
|
common tetracyclines
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natural:
chlortetracycline tetracycline oxytetracycline semi-synthetic: minocycline doxycycline |
|
mechanism of action for both aminoglycosides and tetracyclines involves 2 step transport system, where the 2nd step is active transport. what is different between the 2 drugs?
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Tetracyclines' active transport does NOT require oxygen.
|
|
microbial susceptibility of tetracyclines
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broad spectrum
gram pos aerobic gram neg aerobic (enterobact_ ANAEROBES * intracellular organisms |
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minocycline is against?
|
penicillinase-resistant strains of staph aureus
|
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drug of choice for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis - potomac horse fever?
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oxycycline
|
|
tetracycline NOT good for
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PSEUDOmonas
mycobacterium mycoplasma proteus |
|
what species to avoid oral admin of tetracyclines due to impairment of GIT microflora?
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HORSES and RUMINANTS
|
|
most lipid soluble tetras?
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mino and doxy
thus cross BBB and prostate protein binding increase! thus wider distribution |
|
which tetracycline is preferred for dogs and cats with renal impairment due to its diffusion into large intestine and excreted via bile?
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DOXY
|
|
efficacy predictor of tetracyclines
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type 3
|
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Two 30S antibiotic classes?
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aminoglycosides
tetracyclines |
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3 50S antibiotic classes?
|
chloramphenicol
lincosamides macrolides |
|
chloramphenicol and which antibiotic are antagonistic if given together due to competitive binding?
|
macrolides
|
|
microbial susceptibility of chloramphenicol and derivatives
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broad-spectrum
gram pos, neg aerobic, anaerobic intracellular NO pseudomonas |
|
why isn't chloramphenicol given to ruminants?
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inactivated by reduction of nitro group by ruminal microflora
|
|
metabolism via glucuronidation?
|
chloramphenicol
thus don't give to cats and young animals (immature metabolic system) |
|
antibiotic affecting bacterial as well as MAMMALIAN mitochondria protein synthesis?
|
chloramphenicol
whereas macrolides only affect bacterial protein synthesis thus chloram can cause reversible bone marrow suppression |
|
4 antibiotics prohibited for use in food-producing animals?
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chloramphenicol
metronidazole nitrofuran vancomycin |
|
bone marrow toxicity and stem cell damage?
|
chloramphenicols due to their para-nitro group
|
|
antagonism with chloramphenicol?
|
erythromycin - compete for same binding site on bacteria
|
|
derivatives of chloramphenicol?
|
thiamphenicol
florfenicol |
|
can you use thiamphenicol or florfeniol in food-producing animals? derivatives of chloramphenicol
|
YES b/c more water soluble and no aplastic anemia in humans
|
|
efficacy predictors of chloramphenicol and derivatives?
|
type 2
|
|
3 formulations of chloramphenicol
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chloramphenicol base - oral
chloramphenicol palmitate - increase palatability chloramphenicol succinate - increase parenteral absorption |
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6 macrolides?
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*erythromycin - campylobacter
tilmicosin tylosin tiamulin *azithromycin clarithromycin |
|
Microbial susceptibility of erythromycin?
|
gram-pos (strepto, staph)
CAMPYLOBACTER mycoplasma clostridium listeria brucella pasteurella NO PSEUDO, ECOLI, KLEBSIELLA |
|
treating rhdococcus equi pneumonia in foals?
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erythromycin plus rifampin
|
|
microbial susceptibility of tilmicosin (macrolide)
|
gram pos
mycoplasma enterbact (gram neg) PSEUDOMONAS |
|
pink eye in cattle (moraxella bovis), respiratory tract infection, swine dysentery?
|
tiamulin (macrolide)
|
|
only macrolide to be metabolized?
|
erythromycin
|
|
fatal macrolide to horses?
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TYLOSIN FATAL TO HORSES (FATAL ENTEROCOLITIS)
|
|
What 2 drugs produce cardiotoxicity via IV?
|
oxycycline and tilmicosin (macrolide)
|
|
efficacy predictor of macrolides?
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type 2, but azythromycin is type 3 b/c long half life
|
|
2 lincosamides?
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lincomycin
clindamycin |
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microbial susceptibility of clindamycin (lincosamide)?
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PROTOZOAL (e.g. toxoplasma gondii)
gram neg anaerobes |
|
microbial susceptibility of lincosamides
|
gram pos
anaerobes NO GRAM-NEG |
|
how do oral absorption of lincomycin and clindamycin differ?
|
clindamycin GOOD oral b/c of Cl substitution
lincomycin fast but incomplete oral absorption |
|
efficacy predictor of lincosamides
|
type 2
|
|
2 antibiotic classes inhibiting DNA replication?
|
fluoroquinolones
metronidazole |
|
Inhibition of RNA synthesis?
|
Rifampin
|
|
first gen fluoroquinolone?
|
nalidixic acid
oxolinic acid cinoxacin |
|
second gen fluoroquinolone? most commonly used
|
ciprofloxacin
enrofloxacin - esp for vet med marbofloxacin danofloxacin difloxacin |
|
third gen fluoroquinolone?
|
orbifloxacin
|
|
microbial susceptibility of fluoroquinolones
|
most gram neg
gram pos (e.g. staph aureus and intermedius) chlamydia mycobacteria mycoplasma pseudomonas variable NO anaerobes naturally effective for intracellular infections b/c accumulate in macrophages and neutrophils |
|
ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin microbial susceptibility
|
more active tha other fluoro's against pseudomonas aeruginosas
|
|
acute ehrlichiosis in dogs and rickettsial infections
|
enrofloxacin
marbofloxacin |
|
premafloxacin?
|
NEW gen fluoroquinolone --> greater activity for gram pos than enrofloxacin, methicillin resistant staph and vancomycin resistant enterococci
|
|
efficacy predictor of fluoroquinolones
|
type 1
|
|
mode of action of bacitracin
|
inhibit cell wall synthsis by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
|
|
bacitracin for topical combined with what usually
|
zinc - precipitates surface skin protein over infected area and constricts the area which prevents oozing of fluid
|
|
microbial susceptibility of novobiocin
|
gram pos and neg
alternative to peniciilins to treat penicillin resistant staph |
|
mode of action of nitrofuran
|
block vital energy production pathway (block oxidative decarboxy of pyruvate-acetyl coA)
|
|
microbial susceptibility of nitrofuran
|
gram pos
strongly on gram neg some protozo |
|
microbial susceptibility of virginiamycin
|
gram pos
toxoplasma (protozoa) |
|
mode of action of virginiamycin
|
at 23S ribosomal subunit; blocks translation
|
|
microbial susceptibility of carboadox?
|
SWINE DYSENTERY
gram pos |
|
mode of action of vancomycin
|
bactericidal
inhibit synth of peptidoglycan in cell wall during rep |
|
microbial susceptibility of vancomycin
|
gram pos cocci
enterococci gram pos anaerobic cocci (clostridium) |
|
vancomycin is often co-administered with what to treat enterococcal infections to exert bactericidal action?
|
aminoglycoside (amikacin/gentamicin)
|
|
microbial susceptibility of methenamine?
|
wounds infected w/ pseudomonas
|
|
2 groups of antibiotics interfereing with cell membrane
|
polymyxin B
colistin (polymyxin E) |
|
microbial susceptibility of polymyxin B and E
|
gram neg (binds to anionic endotoxin)
pseudomonas, proteus eg. |
|
microbial susceptibility of metronidazole
|
variety of protozoa (t foetus, giardia, histomas)
obligate anaerobes (clostridium, fuso) |
|
efficacy predictor of metronidazole
|
type 1
|
|
microbial susceptibility of rifampin
|
broad-spectrum
gram-pos chlamydia mycobacterium rhodococcus equi rickettsia INTRAcellular infections b/c concentrates in neutrophils and macrophages like fluoroquinolones |