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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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short acting sulfonamides (less than 12 h)
sulfacetamide
sulfamethizole
sulfathiazole
sulfisoxazole
trisulfapyrimidine (triple sulfas)
intermediate acting sulfonamides (12-24h)
sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)
sulfapyridine
sulfachlorpyridine
sulfamethazine
sulfadiazine
long-acting sulfonamides (greater than 24 h)
sulfadimethoxine
sulfamethazine
sulfaethoxypyridazine
enteric sulfonamides - local action in GIT; NOT absorbable
succinylsulfathiazole
*sulfasalazine (COLITIS in dogs)
*sulfaquinoxaline (POULTRY COCCIDIAL)
phthalylsulfathiazole
3 commonly used diaminopyrimidines
ormetoprim - ruminants (not degraded in rumen)
pyrimethamine - protozoa
trimethoprim
2 long acting formulations of penicillin G
benzathine
procaine
2 groups of natural penicillins
penicillin G - parenteral
penicillin V - good orally b/c not hydrolyzed in stomach
Microbial susceptibility of sulfonamides
broad spectrum;
gram-positive
gram-negative
some protozoa (e.g. coccidia)
NO obligate anaerobes
NO mycobacterium
NO mycoplasma
NO pseudomonas
NO spirochete
Which diaminopyrimidine drug is effective against protozoa
Pyrimethamine
Microbial susceptibility of potentiated sulfonamides
gram positive
many gram neg
some protozoa (coccidia, toxoplasma)
NOT pseudomonas
Microbial susceptibility of natural penicillins
many streptococci spp
non-penicillinase producing staph
gram pos and neg bacilli
gram pos and neg anaerobes
Spirochetes
NO pseudomonas
NO enterobact
NO penicillinase producing staph
Microbial susceptibility of semi-synthetic penicillin - penicillinase-resistant penicillin class
many penicillinase-producing staph
bovine staph mastitis
Microbial susceptibility of semi-synthetic penicillin - broad spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
same as natural penicillins
plus enterobact
2 main broad-spectrum penicillins (semi-synthetic)
amoxicillin
ampicillin
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins - good oral absorption and poor oral
good:
cloxacillin
oxacillin
dicloxacillin

poor:
nafcillin
methicillin
5 drugs under extended spectrum - anti-pseudomonal penicillins (carboxypenicillins)
ticarcillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin
mezlocillin
azlocillin
Microbial susceptibility of extended spectrum penicillins
PSEUDOMONAS
gram neg aerobes and anaerobes
many enterobact
First gen cephalosporin
cefadroxil
cefazolin
cephalexin
cephalothin
cephapirin
cephradine
microbial susceptibility of first gen cephaosporin
highest activity for gram pos
also gram neg
cefazolin - greatest gram neg activity
Second gen cephalosporin
cefaclor
cefamandole
cefmetazole
cefonicid
cefotetan
cefoxitin
cefprozil
cefuroxime
microbial susceptibility of second gen cephalosporin
gram neg
many aerobes
third gen cephalosporins
cefixime
cefoperazone
cefotaxime
*ceftiofur
ceftazidime
ceftizoxime
ceftriaxone
cefovecin
microbial susceptibility of third gen cephalosporin
gram neg
ceftiofur - broader gram pos and less pseudomonas than other 3rd gen
4th gen cephalosporin
cefepime - gram pos cocci, enteric gram neg
PSEUDOMONAS
common aminoglycosides
streptomycin
ncomycin
kanamycin
gentamicin - MOST prone to toxicity (nephrotoxicity)
amikacin
tobramycin
microbial susceptibility of aminoglycosides
aerobic gram-neg
gentamicin - plus pseudomonas
ANAEROBES RESISTANT b/c O2-DEPENDENT
broadest spectrum of all aminoglycoside?
amikacin
efficacy predictor of aminoglycosides
type 1
aminoglycoside that can work against pseudomonas in dogs and cats?
tobramycin
topical use aminoglycoside b/c too toxic for systemic use
neomycin
aminoglycoside for protozoal infections as well as bacterial (e.g. giardia, leishmania, entamoeba histolytica, balatidium coli)
*paromomycin
common tetracyclines
natural:
chlortetracycline
tetracycline
oxytetracycline

semi-synthetic:
minocycline
doxycycline
mechanism of action for both aminoglycosides and tetracyclines involves 2 step transport system, where the 2nd step is active transport. what is different between the 2 drugs?
Tetracyclines' active transport does NOT require oxygen.
microbial susceptibility of tetracyclines
broad spectrum
gram pos aerobic
gram neg aerobic (enterobact_
ANAEROBES *
intracellular organisms
minocycline is against?
penicillinase-resistant strains of staph aureus
drug of choice for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis - potomac horse fever?
oxycycline
tetracycline NOT good for
PSEUDOmonas
mycobacterium
mycoplasma
proteus
what species to avoid oral admin of tetracyclines due to impairment of GIT microflora?
HORSES and RUMINANTS
most lipid soluble tetras?
mino and doxy
thus cross BBB and prostate
protein binding increase! thus wider distribution
which tetracycline is preferred for dogs and cats with renal impairment due to its diffusion into large intestine and excreted via bile?
DOXY
efficacy predictor of tetracyclines
type 3
Two 30S antibiotic classes?
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
3 50S antibiotic classes?
chloramphenicol
lincosamides
macrolides
chloramphenicol and which antibiotic are antagonistic if given together due to competitive binding?
macrolides
microbial susceptibility of chloramphenicol and derivatives
broad-spectrum
gram pos, neg
aerobic, anaerobic
intracellular
NO pseudomonas
why isn't chloramphenicol given to ruminants?
inactivated by reduction of nitro group by ruminal microflora
metabolism via glucuronidation?
chloramphenicol
thus don't give to cats and young animals (immature metabolic system)
antibiotic affecting bacterial as well as MAMMALIAN mitochondria protein synthesis?
chloramphenicol
whereas macrolides only affect bacterial protein synthesis
thus chloram can cause reversible bone marrow suppression
4 antibiotics prohibited for use in food-producing animals?
chloramphenicol
metronidazole
nitrofuran
vancomycin
bone marrow toxicity and stem cell damage?
chloramphenicols due to their para-nitro group
antagonism with chloramphenicol?
erythromycin - compete for same binding site on bacteria
derivatives of chloramphenicol?
thiamphenicol
florfenicol
can you use thiamphenicol or florfeniol in food-producing animals? derivatives of chloramphenicol
YES b/c more water soluble and no aplastic anemia in humans
efficacy predictors of chloramphenicol and derivatives?
type 2
3 formulations of chloramphenicol
chloramphenicol base - oral
chloramphenicol palmitate - increase palatability
chloramphenicol succinate - increase parenteral absorption
6 macrolides?
*erythromycin - campylobacter
tilmicosin
tylosin
tiamulin
*azithromycin
clarithromycin
Microbial susceptibility of erythromycin?
gram-pos (strepto, staph)
CAMPYLOBACTER
mycoplasma
clostridium
listeria
brucella
pasteurella

NO PSEUDO, ECOLI, KLEBSIELLA
treating rhdococcus equi pneumonia in foals?
erythromycin plus rifampin
microbial susceptibility of tilmicosin (macrolide)
gram pos
mycoplasma
enterbact (gram neg)
PSEUDOMONAS
pink eye in cattle (moraxella bovis), respiratory tract infection, swine dysentery?
tiamulin (macrolide)
only macrolide to be metabolized?
erythromycin
fatal macrolide to horses?
TYLOSIN FATAL TO HORSES (FATAL ENTEROCOLITIS)
What 2 drugs produce cardiotoxicity via IV?
oxycycline and tilmicosin (macrolide)
efficacy predictor of macrolides?
type 2, but azythromycin is type 3 b/c long half life
2 lincosamides?
lincomycin
clindamycin
microbial susceptibility of clindamycin (lincosamide)?
PROTOZOAL (e.g. toxoplasma gondii)
gram neg anaerobes
microbial susceptibility of lincosamides
gram pos
anaerobes
NO GRAM-NEG
how do oral absorption of lincomycin and clindamycin differ?
clindamycin GOOD oral b/c of Cl substitution
lincomycin fast but incomplete oral absorption
efficacy predictor of lincosamides
type 2
2 antibiotic classes inhibiting DNA replication?
fluoroquinolones
metronidazole
Inhibition of RNA synthesis?
Rifampin
first gen fluoroquinolone?
nalidixic acid
oxolinic acid
cinoxacin
second gen fluoroquinolone? most commonly used
ciprofloxacin
enrofloxacin - esp for vet med
marbofloxacin
danofloxacin
difloxacin
third gen fluoroquinolone?
orbifloxacin
microbial susceptibility of fluoroquinolones
most gram neg
gram pos (e.g. staph aureus and intermedius)
chlamydia
mycobacteria
mycoplasma
pseudomonas variable
NO anaerobes
naturally effective for intracellular infections b/c accumulate in macrophages and neutrophils
ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin microbial susceptibility
more active tha other fluoro's against pseudomonas aeruginosas
acute ehrlichiosis in dogs and rickettsial infections
enrofloxacin
marbofloxacin
premafloxacin?
NEW gen fluoroquinolone --> greater activity for gram pos than enrofloxacin, methicillin resistant staph and vancomycin resistant enterococci
efficacy predictor of fluoroquinolones
type 1
mode of action of bacitracin
inhibit cell wall synthsis by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
bacitracin for topical combined with what usually
zinc - precipitates surface skin protein over infected area and constricts the area which prevents oozing of fluid
microbial susceptibility of novobiocin
gram pos and neg
alternative to peniciilins to treat penicillin resistant staph
mode of action of nitrofuran
block vital energy production pathway (block oxidative decarboxy of pyruvate-acetyl coA)
microbial susceptibility of nitrofuran
gram pos
strongly on gram neg
some protozo
microbial susceptibility of virginiamycin
gram pos
toxoplasma (protozoa)
mode of action of virginiamycin
at 23S ribosomal subunit; blocks translation
microbial susceptibility of carboadox?
SWINE DYSENTERY
gram pos
mode of action of vancomycin
bactericidal
inhibit synth of peptidoglycan in cell wall during rep
microbial susceptibility of vancomycin
gram pos cocci
enterococci
gram pos anaerobic cocci (clostridium)
vancomycin is often co-administered with what to treat enterococcal infections to exert bactericidal action?
aminoglycoside (amikacin/gentamicin)
microbial susceptibility of methenamine?
wounds infected w/ pseudomonas
2 groups of antibiotics interfereing with cell membrane
polymyxin B
colistin (polymyxin E)
microbial susceptibility of polymyxin B and E
gram neg (binds to anionic endotoxin)
pseudomonas, proteus eg.
microbial susceptibility of metronidazole
variety of protozoa (t foetus, giardia, histomas)
obligate anaerobes (clostridium, fuso)
efficacy predictor of metronidazole
type 1
microbial susceptibility of rifampin
broad-spectrum
gram-pos
chlamydia
mycobacterium
rhodococcus equi
rickettsia
INTRAcellular infections b/c concentrates in neutrophils and macrophages like fluoroquinolones