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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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(1) what is an eicosanoids? (2) name the types ecosanoids?
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bioactive metabolite of arachidonic acid (a membrane bound precursor)
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prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE's)
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(1) what do eicosanoids function as? (2) expalin the biosynthesis, release, and metabolism of prostaglandins?
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autacoids (local hormones) via paracrine or autorcrine effect and inactivated in lungs (avoids arterial circulation/systemic effect)
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hormones/neurotransmitters/injury/inflammation > activate phospholipases > release arachidonic acid > metabolized by prostaglandin synthase (cyclooxygenase activity and peroxidase acivity) > step wise process to prostaglandins > inactivated enzymatically (prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase, prostaglandin 13,14-reductase)/spontaneously hydrolyze
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(1) what does inhibition of cycloxygenase enzyme prevent? (2) how is this useful
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synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
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nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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(1) what results if lipoxygenase acts on arachindonic acid? (2) what results if cycloxygenase acts on arachidonic acid?
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hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE's) and leukotrienes
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prostaglandins
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(1) name the primary component of acute inflammatory response? (2) what does it do
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LTB4
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recruits neutrophils, monocytes, eos, Promotes adherence/diapedesis of neuts, Increases proteinase release from neuts, Increases vascperm? (2) what is it used for?
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(1) an antagonist to what is used to prevent asthma attacks but is ineffective acutely because it is not a bronchodilator? (2) what does it do?
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LTC4/LTD4
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Increases mucin secretion by broncial epi, Bronchoconstricts, Negative inotrope, Pulmonary vasoconstrict, Increase permeability of postcap venules, Synergy with vasodilators (PGE2, PGI2 > edema)
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(1) what synergizes with PGE2 or PGI2 to produce edema?
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LTC4/LTD4
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(1) name drugs that can be used to prevent asthma attacks (non-acute?) (2) what types of drugs are these
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Zafirlukast (accolate), Montelukast (singulair), Zileuton (zyflo)
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first 2 are LTC4/LTD4 antagonists, last 1 is a 5-LOX inhibitor
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(1) what do the effects of prostaglandin depende on? (2) what is it important to be aware of differentiating between with prostaglandins?
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species, tissue acting on, age, sex, hormonal status (route of admin for pharm effects)
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physiological and pharmalogical effects
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name prostoglandin (1) vasodilators (2) vasoconstrictors?
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PGE's, PGA's, PGI'2
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PGF2a, TxA2
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what causes prostoglandin effects on (1) MAP and (2) heart rate?
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direct effects on vasculature and reflex responses to change in MAP
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exclusively to reflex responses to changes in MAP
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(1) what prostaglandin is important in platelet aggregation? (2) anti-aggregatory agent?
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TxA2 (to a lesser extent PGG2, PGH2) from platelets
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PGI2 from vasc endothelial cells
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(1) what drug is used to diaggregate platelets in extracorporeal circuits during cardiopulmonary bypass and renal dialysis? (2) what is important in maintaining thromboresistance and vascular integrity?
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PGI2
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TxA2 and PGI2
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(1) what enhances/modulates renal blood flow and regulates urine formation (via renovascular and tubular effects?) (2) how can this be used to increase renal blood flow and induce diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis?
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PGE2 (possibly PGI2)
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infuse PGE2 or PGI2 into renal arteries (diuresis = reduction in ADH-induced H2O absorption, natriuresis/kaliuresis = direct action on renal tubules)
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(1) wht maintains the patency of ductus arteriosus? (2) how is this useful?
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PGI2 (possibly PGE2)
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NSAIDS induce closure in neonates (Sx is alternative)
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(1) what enhances the pain and edema of inflammation? (2) what has a pyrogenic effect in the hypothalamus?
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PGI2 and PGE2 (enhance bradykinin-induction)
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PGE2 (reduced by NSAIDS)
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(1) what helps regulate immune/inflammatory response? (2) reduces gastric acid secretion and increases gastric mucous secretions?
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PGE2 (via lymphocytes)
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PGE1 analog = Misoprostol (reduce GI ulceration from chronic admin of NSAIDs)
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(1) what is used as a topical anti-glaucoma agent in dogs? (2) Why not in cats?
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PGF2a analog = Latanoprost (more lipid soluble, less side effects, better penetration) Not used in cats b/c glaucoma is 2' to uveitis, which would be worsened)
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Not used in cats b/c glaucoma is 2' to uveitis, which would be worsened
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(1) what is used to synchronize estrus, induce parturition, induce abortion, expel mummified fetus, treay pyometra and cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (bitch)? (2) how is this administered and what does it function as?
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PGF2a
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IM: luteolysin, abortion (CL destruction and rapid decrease in progesterone production), parturition (contractions of myometrium)
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(1) what drug acts on PGF2a to delay abortion/parturition, retard premature labor, reduce uterine contractions? (2) what is a commonly used analog of PGF2a?
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aspirin and other NSAIDs
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dinoprost tromethamine (tromethamine salt that differs in pharmacokinetics)
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(1) what causes vasoconstriction in most vascular beds, bronchoconstriction, contraction of uterine and GI smooth muscle, luteolysis?
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PGF2a
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