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153 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what are helminths
worms that are parasites
what are ectoparasites
vectors of disease such as ticks, mosquitoes, and biting flies and other parasites that infect external body surfaces
what causes malaria
protozoan parasites of the genus plasmodium
how do you get malaria
mosquitoes transfer the disease from one human to another
what are the parasitic diseases
amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
what is amebiasis caused by
entamoeba histolytica
how is amebiasis transfered
passed from host to host by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water
what is cryptosporidoiosis
a diarrheal disease caused by cryptosporidium parvum. transmitted fecal oral
what is giardiasis
a common disease caused by a flagellated protozoan giardia lamblia. transmitted by fecal contamination.
what is trichomoniasis
an infection of the vagina caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis
toxoplasmosis
caused by a parasite found in a variety of animals, especially casts and birds
what is pneumoncystis carinii pneumonia
opportunistic lung infection caused by a parasite of uncertain classification
what are the types of helminthic infection
intestinal nematode and blood and tissue nematode infections
what are the intestinal nematode infections
the common intestinal nematodes are the giant roundworm, pinworm, threadworm, whipworm, and pork round worm
what are the blood and tissue nematode infections
filarial infections are amoung the more serious and debilitation helminthiases associated with blood and tissue nematodes. Can cause elephantiasis and onchocerciasis or river blindness
what are the types of ectoparasitic infections
scabies and pediculosis
what is scabies
a skin inflammation caused by a mite, Scarcoptes scabiei
what is pediculosis
an infestation occurring on the scalp, trunk or pubic area
what are the three types of drug therapy for malaria
suppressive therapy (prophylaxis), treatment of an acute attack (clinical cure), and prevention of a relapse (radical cure)
what are the 3 factors antimalarial drugs are guided by
the identity of plasmodium species, the clinical status of the patient and the geographic area where the infection was acquired
what are antitussives
drugs that block the cough reflex
what are decongestants
drugs that decrease the blood flow to an area and thus decrease overproduction of secretions
what are antihistamines
drugs that block the release or action of histamine, a chemical released during inflammation which increases secretions and narrows airways
what are expectorants
drugs that increase productive cough to clear the airways
what is rhinitis
inflammation of the nose
what is the common cold
a viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreading to the lower structures
what are allergic or seasonal rhinitis
occurs when the upper airways respond to a specific allergen
what is sinusitis
occurs when the epithelial lining of the sinus cavities becomes inflamed. It can be bacterial or viral
what is pharyngitis
an inflammation or infection of the pharynx caused by bacteria or viruses
what is laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx or voice box, caused by chemical or mechanical irritation, viral infections or bacterial infections
what is influenza
an infection caused by any of several stains of myxoviruses
which are better, topical or oral decongestants
topical because they don't have as many adverse effects
how do decongestants work
constricting the nasal arterioles, thereby decreasing the swelling of the nasal membrane
what are antihistamines used for
relieve symptoms of allergies and allergic rhinitis by blocking action of histamine as it is release during the inflammatory response to an antigen
what are expectorant drugs
drugs that liquefy lower respiratory tract secretions which decreases the viscosity of the secretions which makes it easier to cough up and improves airflow.
what is acute bronchitis
caused most frequently by virues. Has fever, productive cough, purulent mucus and inflammation that often narrows or obstructs a person's airway
what is asthma
a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of bronchospasm, bronchial muscle spasm that leads to narrowed or obstructed
what is chronic airway limitation
an umbrella term that describes gradually progressive degenerative diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or repeated severe asthma attacks
what is chronic bronchitis
long standing, largely irreversible inflammation of the bronchial tree
what is emphysema
an abnormal distention of the lungs with air characterized by loss or degeneration of elastic tissue, disappearance of capillary walls, and breakdown of the alveolar walls
what is pneumonia
an inflammation of the lungs. Can be caused by bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue or by aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract
what is cystic fibrosis
a hereditary disease that affects the functioning of the bodys exocrine glands: the mucus secreting and sweat glands
what do mucolytics do
break down mucus and help the high risk respiratory patient cough up thick, tenacious secretions to improve breathing and airflow
how can mucolytics be administered
through a nebulizer or by direct instillation into the trachea
what do bronchodilators do
used to facilitate respiration by dilating the airways
what is acute bronchitis
caused most frequently by virues. Has fever, productive cough, purulent mucus and inflammation that often narrows or obstructs a person's airway
what is asthma
a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of bronchospasm, bronchial muscle spasm that leads to narrowed or obstructed
what is chronic airway limitation
an umbrella term that describes gradually progressive degenerative diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or repeated severe asthma attacks
what is chronic bronchitis
long standing, largely irreversible inflammation of the bronchial tree
what is emphysema
an abnormal distention of the lungs with air characterized by loss or degeneration of elastic tissue, disappearance of capillary walls, and breakdown of the alveolar walls
what is pneumonia
an inflammation of the lungs. Can be caused by bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue or by aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract
what is cystic fibrosis
a hereditary disease that affects the functioning of the bodys exocrine glands: the mucus secreting and sweat glands
what do mucolytics do
break down mucus and help the high risk respiratory patient cough up thick, tenacious secretions to improve breathing and airflow
how can mucolytics be administered
through a nebulizer or by direct instillation into the trachea
what do bronchodilators do
used to facilitate respiration by dilating the airways
what are respiratory anticholinergic agents
inhaled anticholinergic drugs are considered first line treatment for CAL. It diminishes the effects of acetylcholine and stops bronchoconstriction
what are xanthine derivatives
bronchodilators that do not work as rapidly as beta-adrenergic agonist drugs
what are anti-inflammatory agents
bronchodilators and are used to manage respiratory disorders, especially asthma
what are inhaled glucocorticoid steroids
most effective antinflammatory drugs available for managing respiratory disorders. Have become first line treatment for persistent asthma
what are mast cell stabilizers
drugs that prrevent mast cells from rupturing which causes inflammatory response such as bronchial constriction, which accounts for the symptoms of an acute asthma attack
what are leukotriene receptor antagonists
leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that are powerful bronchoconstricotors and vasodilators, and an important mediator of asthma and result in airway hyperreactivity, bronchoconstriction, and hypersecretion
what is the duodenum
small intestine
what is the duodenum responsible for
most digestive functions
what is peristalsis
a rhythmic movement of contraction and expansion of the smooth muscle propels the food toward the stomach
what are gastric secretions regulated by
the parasympathetic nervous system
what do digestive enzymes do
breakdown chyme into nutrients the body can absorb. They are secreted by the pancreas.
what is vomiting of the GI contents controlled by
vomit center in the medulla
what is gastroesophageal reflux disease
allows stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.
what are the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease
heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, and waterbrash
what does helicobacter pylori do
wakens the protective mucous lining of the stomach and duodenum causing gastritis and gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer, and primary gastric B-cell lymphoma
what is the current treatment protocol or choice for H. pylori
legacy triple therapy, which includes 2 antibiotics and a PPI
what is peptic ulcer disease
a general term that refers to ulcer formation in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
what causes PUD
H. pylori, aspirin, NSAIDs and glucocorticosteriods
what are the symptoms of Peptic ulcer disease
hematemiesis- vomiting of blood,
melena-dark tarry stools, chest pain, weight loss and nausea and vomiting
what is a stress ulcer
an ulcer that is caused by acute or chronic stress especially in burn patients
what is pancreatitis
occurs when the digestive enzymes production is reduced or no longer occurs.
what is obesity
when the BMI exceeds the normal range
what is nausea and vomiting caused by
stimulation of the chemoreceptors in the brain and GI tract.
what is the chemoreceptor trigger zone
zone next to vomiting center that is stimulated by chemicals and drugs ect.
what are proton pump inhibitors
drugs that block the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the enzyme system at the secretory surfaces of the gastric parietal cell
what are histamine-2 receptor antagonists
drugs that block histamine at H2 receptors at the parietal cells of the stomach which inhibit gastric acid secretion in all phases and other secretions caused by histamine.
what do H2-receptor antagonists do
inhibit histamine receptor site 2, fasting secretions that occur during the night, as well as secretions stimulated by food, insulin, caffeine, pentagastrin, and betazole. Also reduce the volume of and the hydrogen ion concentration in gastric secretions
what are antacids
drugs that increase the gastric pH thereby neutralizing gastric acidity.
what are prokinetic agents
increase the effect of acetylcholine on the GI system which is resonsible for normal GI function. These agents also increase peristalsis and gastric emptying.
what are digestive enzymes
responsible for breaking down food into forms that can be absorbed easily in the GI tract
what are drugs for weight management
lipase inhibitors and anorexiants
what are lipase inhibitors
used specifically for long-term weight reduction in patients with an initial BMI of 30 or more or who have other cardiovascular risk factors
What are antiemetics
used to treat nausea and vomiting
how do antiemetics work
suppress the stimulation of the CTZ and the VC
nausea and vomiting related to what is difficult to manage
oncologic therapy
What are selective serotonin receptor antagonists
prevent the stimulation of type 3 serotonin receptor in the CTZ
what are the problems associated with the lower intestinal tract
flatus, diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and irritable bowel disease.
what is peristalsis
wave-like muscular contractions and squeezing of the intestines moving the contents through the small and large intestines
what is flatus
normal byproduct of digestion that can cause problems from excessive production or from an inability to pass the gas through the large intestine
what is diarrhea
frequent passage of loose or liquid stools.
what is constipation
infrequent or incomplete passage of hard stools resulting from a decrease in peristaltic activity and slow movement through a colon
what is fecal impaction
patient in unable to pass the hardened mass of feces due to prolonged constipation
what is irritable bowel syndrome
a common disorder of the intestines characterized by altered bowel habits and pain
what is inflammatory bowel disease
general term that includes both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease
what is ulcerative colitis
inflammatory disease of the large intestine in which ulcers form in the mucosa of the colon or rectum
what is Crohn disease
an inflammation extending into the deeper layers of the intestinal wall. May cause ulcers along the entire colon
what are antiflatulents
decrease gas production, coalesce gas bubbles, and facilitate that passage of gas through belching and expelling flatus
what are antidiarrheals
slow intestinal motility, allowing time for fluid reabsorption and better stool formation
what are the most effective antidiarrheals
opiate derivates, the opiates themselves, and loperamide
what are laxatives
drugs used to treat constipation
where do laxatives act
directly on the intestine to promote peristalsis and evacuation of the bowel
what do saline laxatives do
attract or retain water in the intestinal lumen, resulting in an increased intraluminal pressure that stimulates peristalsis
who are laxatives contraindicated in
patients who have severe abdominal pain that has not been diagnosed, are nauseated and vomiting, or have a bowel obstruction
What are people with diabetes mellitus at risk for
increased risk for cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, blindness, nervous system disease, extremity amputations, dental disease, and complications of pregnancy
what are oral antidiabetc drugs used to control
type 2 diabetes where there is insulin resistance
where is insulin, glucagon and somatostatin synthesized
islets of langerhans in the pancreas
what is type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells in the definition, leading to absolute insulin deficiency
what is types 2 diabetes
result of insulin resistance by the tissues and usually a decrease in insulin production
what is gestational diabetes mellitus
occurs when a women's pancreatic function is not sufficient to overcome hormones severe by the placenta
what does synthetic insulin do
acts in the same manner as endogenously produced insulin
how do insulin's manage hyperglycemia
by promoting cellular glucose uptake and metabolism
what is insulins primary role
regulates carbohydrate metabolism
what tissues in the body don't need insulin for glucose to enter their bodies
brain, nerves, intestine, liver, retina, erythrocytes, and renal tubules do not
what controls the rate of insulin synthesis and release
plasma glucose level
what is metabolic syndrome
insulin-resistant syndrome that is a precursor to the development of type 2 diabetes
how are correctional basis used
insulin dose is based on glucose levels
what is lipodystrophy
disturbances in fate metabolism due to repetitive SC injections into the same injection site
what are sulfonyureas
1st and 2nd generation drugs. They are oral antidiabetic medications
what are nonsulfonylureas
comprise three different classes grouped by their chemical structure: biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
what are the nonsulfonylureas mode of action
improving insulin action, delaying the digestion of carbohydrates
what does the anterior pituitary gland do
controls the function glucocorticoid hormone levels (ACTH), body growth and metabolism (GH), function of the thyroid gland (TSH), gonadal function (FSH and LH), and mild production and breast growth (prolactin)
What does the posterior pituitary gland do
stores and secretes two effector hormones (hormones that produce and effect when stimulated): oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
what does they gyroid gland do
controls cellular metabolism and promotes normal growth and development
what does the parathyroid gland do
PTH affects bone, kidneys and GI tract. It controls serum calcium
what are the anterior pituitary gland dysfunctions
growth hormone deficiency and growth hormone excess
what is growth hormone deficiency
short stature or dwarfism
what is growth hormone excess
gigantism and acromegaly
what are the anterior pituitary gland dysfunctions
diabetes insipidus and SIADH
what is the thyroid gland dysfunction
hyperthroidism and hyperthroidism
what are the parathryroid gland dysfunctions
hypocalcemia-tetany convulsions, muscle spasm, and neuromuscular excitability
hypercalcemia- osteoperosis, immobilization, peptic ulcers, kidney stones
what is growth hormone used to treat
short stature
how is hyperthyroidism treated
with thyroid-hormone antagonist drugs, surgery, or radioactive iodine
what are antihypercalemic drugs used to treat
paget disease
how do antigypercalcemic drugs work
do not directly affect the parathyroid gland or PTH but they inhibit bone resorption of calcium
what are the symptoms of paget
bone pain and deformity, fractures, spinal cord compression, or cranial and spinal cord entrapment
what regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from the small intestine and mineral reabsorption in bone
vitamin D
what are androgens
naturally occurring or synthetic steroidal compounds that produce that masculinizing and tissue building properties of testosterone
what secretes the follicle stimulating horomore and lutenizing hormone
pituitary gland
what is a hormonal problem
deficient in endogenous sex hormones causes abnormal sexual development
what is erectile dysfunction
the inability to achieve or maintain an erection in at least every three of four attempt at intercourse
what is benign prostatic hypertrophy
occurs spontaneously in men as they age, which results in an enlargement of the prostate gland
what is the male pattern baldness
baldness of the vertex of the scalp
what is prostate cancer
a malignant metastasizing cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in men
what are the two main types of female sex hormones
estrogen and progestin
how it osteoporosis formed in postmenopausal women
the loss of estrogen and its positive effects on bone remodeling
what is osteoporosis
characterized by low bone mineral density, is a loss in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, reabsorbs too much of the old bone, or both.
how is estrogen used in men
more palliative therapy in prostatic and breast cancers.
what do biphosphonates do
affects normal and abnormal bone resorption