Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Preload
|
volume coming into the ventricles (end diastolic pressure)
Increased in: -Hypervolemia -Regurgitation of cardiac values |
|
|
Afterload
|
Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood.
Increased in: -hypertension -vasoconstriction Increased afterload = increased cardiac workload |
|
|
Beta1 blockers affect:
|
the heart
|
|
|
Beta2 blockers affect:
|
the lungs
|
|
|
side effects of adrenergic antagonists beta-blockers
|
-hypotension
-symptoms of CHF (coughing, shortness of breath, edema, fatigue) -drowsiness, depression -bradycardia (AV block) Ex: propranolol (Inderal) tenormin (Atenolol) lopressor (Metoprolol) |
|
|
side effects of adrenergic antagonists alpha-blockers
|
-orthostatic hypotension
-vertigo -tachycardia -sexual dysfunction Ex: doxazosin (Cardura) prazosin (Minipress) methyldopa (Aldomet) |
|
|
Action of calcium antagonists - Calcium Channel Blockers
|
Very Nice Drugs (verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem)
Action: blocks calcium access to cells; decreases contractility and conductivity of the heart = decreased demand for oxygen |
|
|
Side effects of calcium antagonists - calcium channel blockers
|
-decreased BP
-bradycardia -may precipitate AV block -headache -abdominal discomfort (constipation, nausea) -peripheral edema |
|
|
Drugs for bradycardia and decreased blood pressure:
|
I - isoproterenol
D - dopamine E - epinephrine A - atropine |
|
|
Antihypertensive drugs:
|
ACE inhibitors - ends in '-pril'
capoten (Captopril) vasotec (Enalapril) lotensin (Benazapril) Beta-blockers - ends in '-lol' inderal (Propranolol) tenormin (Atenolol) lopressor (Metoprolol) Calcium antagonists calan isoptin (Verapamil) cardizem (Diltiazem) procardia (Nifedipine) |
|
|
Action of ACE inhibitors:
|
Decreases peripheral vascular resistance without:
-increased cardiac output -increased cardiac rate -increased cardiac contractility |
|
|
Side effects of ACE inhibitors:
|
-dizziness
-orthostatic hypotension -GI distress -cough -headache |
|
|
Action of beta-blockers:
|
Blocks beta receptors in the heart causing:
-decreased HR -decreased force of contraction -decreased rate of AV conduction (propranolol (Inderal), atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor)) |
|
|
Neuromuscular manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
tetany
positive Chvostek's sign positive Trousseau's sign hyperactive deep tendon reflexes laryngospasm seizures |
|
|
* neuromuscular manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
muscle weakness
increased fatigue depressed deep tendon reflexes |
|
|
* GI manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
hyperactive bowel sounds
abdominal cramps |
|
|
* GI manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
hypotonic bowel sounds
nausea/vomiting constipation anorexia |
|
|
* CNS manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
irritability depression apprehension confusion delusions hallucinations memory impairment convulsions anxiety
|
|
|
* CNS manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
headache personality changes acute psychosis confusion bizarre behavior lethargy memory impairment coma
|
|
|
* Cardiac manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
hypotension
decreased myocardial contractility prolonged QT interval lengthened ST segment cardiac arrest |
|
|
* Cardiac manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
hypertension
heart block shortened QT interval shortened ST segment cardiac arrest |
|
|
* Respiratory manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
respiratory arrest
|
|
|
* Respiratory manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
no major manifestations
|
|
|
* Renal manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
oliguria
anuria |
|
|
* Renal manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
polyuria
polydipsia renal colic kidney stones |
|
|
* Hematologic and Integumentary manifestations of hypocalcemia
|
increased bleeding and bruising
dry, brittle nails and hair |
|
|
* Hematologic and Integumentary manifestations of hypercalcemia
|
No major manifestations
|
|
|
* hyperkalemia
|
muscle cramps (tetany) --> weakness --> paralysis
drowsiness decreased BP EKG changes dysrhythmias abdominal cramping diarrhea oliguria |
|
|
* hypokalemia
|
alkalosis
shallow respirations irritability confusion weakness arrythmias lethargy thready pulse decreased intestinal motility |
|
|
* left-sided heart failure
|
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - cough - crackles - wheezes - blood tinged sputum (pink, frothy) - restlessness - confusion - orthopnea - tachycardia - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis
|
|
|
* right-sided heart failure
|
fatigue - increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - enlarged liver and spleen - distended jugular veins - anorexia and complaints of GI distress - swelling in hands and fingers - dependent edema
|
