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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the leading cause of death in the US
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cardiovascular disease
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how many of the top 30 prescribed drugs are cardiovascular drugs?
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14 of top 30
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In severe CV cases epinephrine should be limited to cardiac safe dose =
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0.04mg
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an electrical device implanted in patient's chest to regulate heart rhythm
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cardiac pacemaker
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a foreign object, quantity of air or gas, bit of tissue or tumor, or piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in the bloodstream
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embolus
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what is a bloodclot that is stationary
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thrombus
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what is a serum inflammatory marker that can be found in the body when inflammation is present?
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C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen
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what can inefficient pumping of the heart cause
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congestive heart failure
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left heart failure is going to effect what (increased pressure on left side of heart)
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the lungs (pulmonary congestion)
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right heart failure is going to effect (increased pressure on right side of heart)
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systemic venous congestion and peripheral/pitting edema
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what is Starling's law?
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some enlargement can produce more efficient contraction and output (like a bigger, better muscle from exercise)
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what side of the heart usually fails first
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left side
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what is associated with pink frothy sputum
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acute cardiac arrhythmia
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drugs used to treat congestive heart failure
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cardia or digitalis glycosides
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what is the most commonly prescribed for CHF
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digitalis, digitoxin, digoxin, (Lanoxin-most commonly prescribed)
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digoxin have a ________ therapeutic index
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narrow
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adverse reactions of digoxin
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copious salivation, can cause green and yellow vision,
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for cardiac patients what should be used with caution
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epinephrine
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what two antibiotics can increase digoxin levels
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erythromycin, and tetracycline
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what kind of drugs are the first line of defense against congestive heart failure
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (may be first line now)
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB = ACE II inhibitor) |
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where is the sinotatrial node (SA node) located
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right atrium of heart
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what antiarrhythmic agent also treats malaria
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quinodine
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what is the suffix for calcium channel blockers?
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dipine
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which type of drug block calcium movement into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle during contraction resulting in vasodilation
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calcium channel blockers
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why is hypertension known as the "silent killer"
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it presents with no symptoms
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what is hypertension
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high blood pressure
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normotensive
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normal blood pressure
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what range is normotensive
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<120 systolic <80 dystolic
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medical consult indicated if bloodpressure is what in the cbc college
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>180/110
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what are the categories of hypertension?
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essential, secondary, malignant
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which category of hypertension occurs 2nd to another condition ?
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secondary
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what are the big 5 antihypertensive drug groups?
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diuretics, b-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers
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what are the three major types of diuretics?
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thiazides, loop, potassium
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what is the most common diuretic used?
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thiazides
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what is the most common thiazide used
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HCTZ
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hypokalemia (an adverse reaction to HCTZ)
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low potassiumm
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hyperuricemia (an adverse reaction to HCTZ)
what condition can this complicate further |
inhibits uric acid secretion
gout |
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what is the most common oral adverse reaction of thiazides (diuretics)
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xerostomia
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what drug group reduces the antihypertensive effect of HCTZ?
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NSAIDS
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what are the most potent diuretics
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loop diuretics
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what is the most common loop diuretic used?
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furosemide (lasix)
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what drug group reduces lasix and what is lasix
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NSAIDs
lasix is the most commonly used loop diuretic |
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where do loop diuretics work?
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the loop of Henle in the kidney
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what is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
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prevent sodium and chloride reabsorption in loop of Henle in kidney
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steroid suffix
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sterone
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what are the weakest diuretics?
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potassium-sparing
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what is the mechanism of action of spironolactone (Aldactone)?
what drug group does it belong to? |
antagonizes aldosterone (hormone that regulates metabolism of Na, Cl, K) and sodium is excreted
belongs to potassium-sparing in diuretics |
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what is the mechanism of action of Triamterene (Dyrenium)? what drug group does it belong to?
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promotes Na excretion in collecting tubules of kidney
belongs to potassium-sparing in diuretics |
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what physiologic processes are potassium salts important for?
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nerve impulses, muscle contractions of smooth, cardiac, skeletal, normal renal function
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what are some adverse reactions of potassium salts
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nausea, GI irritation and discomfort
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potassium supplements have what in there name generally?
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a big ol' K
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B-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs have what suffix?
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olol
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B-adrenergic Blocking drugs
beta receptor B1 deals with what |
increased heart rate, increased contractility, av conduction
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B-adrenergic blocking drugs
beta receptor B2 deals with what? |
bronchodilation and vasodilation in skeletal muscle
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suffix for alpha and beta blockers
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alol
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calcium channel blockers suffix
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dipine
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which calcium channel blockers are especially known for gingival enlargement
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nifedipine and verapamil
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what is suffix of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or ACE inhibitors?
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pril
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what is suffix of angiotensin II receptor antagonists?
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sartan
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a-blockers end in suffix
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zosin
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what would be the drug of choice for hypertension for a pregnant hypertensive patient
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hydralazine
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what population percentage has a chronic seizure disorder?
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one percent
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what type of epilepsy do the majority of epileptic patients have?
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Idiopathic epilepsy
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what are the 2 major groups of seizure disorders?
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general and partial there is a thir smaller miscellaneous group
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what group of seizure is simple and complex
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partial seizures
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what group of seizure include generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures
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general seizures
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there is ______ movement in absence seizures and _____ movement in tonic-clonic
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little
major |
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what is an aura?
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a brief period of heightened sensory activity characterized by numbness nausea, unusual sensitivity to light, sound, smells,
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when may an aura occur
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aura may occur just prior to a seizure
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what are the drugs of choice for absence seizures petit mal
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ethosuximide or valproate, or lamotrigine
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what is petit mal
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absence seizures
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what is grand mal
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tonic-clonic seizures
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what are drugs of choice for tonic-clonic seizures
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valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine
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what is status epilepticus?
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continuous tonic-clonic seizures lasting longer then 30 mins. or recur before end of postictal period of previous seizure.
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what might valproic acid be used for
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grand mal or tonic- clonic seizure
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what might phenytoin be used for?
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grand mal or tonic-clonic seizure
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emergency treatment is required with status epilepticus especially if patient is what?
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hypoxic
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term for when oxygen does not reach body tissues?
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hypoxic
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what drug is used for the control of status epilepticus
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parenteral benzodiazepines such as diazepam (valium)
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anticonvulsants are _______ depressants
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CNS
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what is the most common side effect of anticonvulsant agents?
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cns depression, (dizziness, sedation, impaired learning and cognitive abilities, and excitability)
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what is Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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toxic epidermal necrolysis
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what is erythema multiform and what can it advance to?
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a mild rash
Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
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dilatin is a more common maker of stevens JOhnson syndrome
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true
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dental drugs most affected by anticonvulsant agents are?
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propoxyphene, doxycycline
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what drug is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, bipolar disorder and some chronic pain syndromes
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carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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what does Carbamazepine (Tegretol) mainly treat
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trigeminal neuralgia
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what two blood disorders does carbamzepine cause
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agranulocytosis(decrease in granular white blood cells) and aplastic anemia(redblood cells and platelets occur) alopecia can also occur
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a tiny purplish red spot on the skin caused by the release into the skin of a very small quantity of blood from a capillary
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petechia
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what is a group of anticonvulsants not structurally relarted to any other anticonvulsant
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valproate
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excessive hairyness
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hirsutism
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what is the most common anticonvulsant used in treatment of epilepsy
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phenytoin
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phenytoin can cause what
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hirsutism
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phenytoin has a very ____ TI
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narrow
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what is phenytoin used for
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arrythmia and anticonvulsant for epilipsy
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all anticonvulsants interfere with what metabolism
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folic acid metabolism
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an impairment of the vision in one eye that does not have a physical cause
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amblyopia
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what is a possitive nikolsky sign
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when you touch the skin it sluffs off
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toxic epidermal necrolysis is also known as
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stevens johnson
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phenytoin can cause the serious condition
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stevens johnson
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what adverse reaction occurs in approx 50% of patients who are chronic users of phenytoin
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gingival enlargement
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what is the treatment of choice fro absence seizures
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ethosuximide (Zaronitin)
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what group of drugs is often used to treat status epilepticus?
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benzodiazepines
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why is Gabapentin unique and what does it treat
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gabapentin is a seizure drug that is unique because it does not affect hepatic microsomal enzymes thus does not have any drug interactons
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what has felbamate been associated with
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aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure
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what does felbamate (felbatol) treat
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seizures
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what are some nonseizure uses of anticonvulsants
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chronic pain syndromes,
psychiatric uses, mood stabilizers, bipolar disorder |
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what types can psychiatric disorders be divided into?
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organic-congenital or caused by injury or disease
functional- |
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what are some positive symptoms of psychoses
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hallucinations, delusion, unwanted thoughts, disorganized behavior, agitation, distorted speech
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what are some negative symptoms of psychoses
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flat affect, unemotional, apathetic, abstract thinking difficult, spontaneity and goals lacking, thought and speech impaired, lack of pleasure, social withdrawal
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what is the most common type of psychosis
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schizophrenia
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if a person only has depression it is termed
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unipolar depression
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if a person has manic depression alternating from extreme high and extreme low is termed
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bipolar disorder
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endogenous depression is not related to what
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external events
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exogenous depression related to specific what
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external events
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before antipsychotic drugs were available what was used
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electroconvulsive therapy (shock therapy)
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Electroconvulsive therapy is still used in tx of what
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refractory depression
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what is used to treat psychoses
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antipsychotics
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what were the previously most used antipsychotics
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phenothiazines
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what is used to treat bipolar disorder
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lithium
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what is used to treat anxiety disorders
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benzodiazepines
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involuntary, abnormal movements of the tongue lips face and jaw is known as
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tardive dyskinesia
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what drug is used for treating intractable hiccups and certain drug withdrawals
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prochlorperazine (Compazine)
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what are some brand names of SSRI
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zoloft, prozac, Paxil and Lexapro
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a sensory perception that does not result from an external stimulus and that occurs in the waking state. It can occur in any of the senses and is classified accordingly (auditory, visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory)
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hallucination
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is a persistent belief or perception held inviolable by a person despite evidence that refutes it.
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delusion
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absence of emotional response that normally elicits emotion.
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flat affect
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what is the most common type of psychosis
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schizophrenia
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what are the symptoms of hypertension?
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no symptoms (silent killer)
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what is the most common of all CV diseases
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Hypertension
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what are local hormones that occur in the body naturally known as?
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autocoids
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where are autocoids formed
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they are formed by the tissues on which they act
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what are histamine, serotonin cytokinins, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, angiotensin
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autocoids
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what are drugs that mimic the effect of autocoids?
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autocoid agonist
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what are drugs that counteracts the action of autocoids
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autocoid antagonist
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what is histamine
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autocoids
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what drug is used in the diagnosis of achlorhydria and pheochromocytoma?
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histamine
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what drug is involved with allergic response?
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histamine 1 receptors
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what does histamine release cause?
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vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and pain or itching in cutaneous nerve emdings
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stimulation of histamine 2 receptors is involved with what?
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increased gastric acid secretion
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what is the drug of choice for counteracting histamine and why?
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epinephrine which is a physiologic antagonist of histamine, it dilates bronchioles via beta 2 receptors
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which drug blocks bronchoconstriction produced by histamine at the H1 receptor? only antagonizes one of the mediators released during anaphylaxis
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antihistamine
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what is the competitive antagonist to histamine and what do they compete for?
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Histamine 1 receptors
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what are some uses for antihistamines?
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over the counter sleep aid, also allergic rhinitis, allergic reaction, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, and preoperative sedation
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how are antihistamines categorized
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sedating and nonsedating
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what antihistamine is best known for its sedation effect
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diphenhydramine
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what is the most common side effect of older antihistamines
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sedation
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prostaglandins and thromboxanes are members of a biologically active group known as what?
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eicosanoids
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what are thromboxanes synthesized by and what does it stimulate?
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platelets,
platelet aggregation, vasocinstrictor |
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what stimulates the release of growth hormone as well as teh release of female sex hormones
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prostaglandins
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what are some prostglandin antagonists
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aspirin, NSAIDS, Eugenol (oil of cloves)
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what drug group is leukotrienes
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autocoid
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what drug group is kinins
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autocoid
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what are leukotrienes derived from?
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arachidonic acid
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leukotrienes cause powerful
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bronchoconstriction
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what drug group is substance P
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autocoids
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what does substance P function as?
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a neurotransmittor in CNS and a local hormone in GI tract
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what machine can epilepsy be monitored on?
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EEG or electroencephalogram
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what percentage of the population has a chronic seizure disorder?
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one percent
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what are the two large groups of generalized seizures?
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absence and tonic-clonic
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which type of generalized seizure has major movement involved?
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tonic-clonic
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what type of seizure is characterized by staring off?
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absence seizure petit mal
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what is the drug of choice for grand mal?
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parenteral benzodiazepines such as diazepam (valium)
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what is the most common anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy
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phenytoin
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what can phenytoin cause then can lead to noncompliance in young women
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hirsutism (excessive hairyness)
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