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307 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
albuterol - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting Selective B2 agonist
B2 >> B1
bronchodilators
amphetamine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Indirectly acting
cause a release of stored NE in noradrenergic fibers
lipid soluble so increase NE release from central and peripheral adrenergic neurons
also block uptake1 of NE and cause release of DA in nucleus accumbens
dobutamine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting
racemic mixture of enantiomers and both stimulate B1>B2
(+) enantiomer alpha 1 antagonist
(-) entantiomer apha 1 agonist
dopamine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting
adrenoreceptor stimulation is dose-related: D1>B1>a1
ephedrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Mixed agonist (indirect and direct)
B1 and B2 are direct action
alpha adrenoreceptor stimulation via indirect action
epinephrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting
alpha and B stimulation at small physiological doses, but mostly a at higher, pharmacological doses
mean to be a circulating hormone (secreted into vena cava from adrenal medulla)
not secreted by lungs
isoproterenol - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting
pure B adrenergic agonist
given IV
B1 = B2 stimulation
norepinephrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting adrenergic agonist
alpha and B receptor agonist
alpha > B1 > B2
mostly vascular alpha-1 receptor stimulation
not meant to be a circulating hormone
oxymetazoline - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting alpha agonist
phenylephrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Pure alpha agonist
a1 only
Directly acting
pseudoephedrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Mixed agonist (indirect and direct)
Cause release of endogenous NE
Lipid soluble enters CNS
ritodrine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist
B2 >> B1
Directly acting
salmeterol - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist
B2 >> B1
bronchodilators
Directly acting
terbutaline - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist
B2 >> B1
bronchodilators
Directly acting
tyramine - Mechanism of Action
Adrenergic agonists
Indirectly acting
cause a release of stored NE in noradrenergic fibers
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Partial alpha agonist
labetalol - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1 and beta-1
partial beta-2 agonist
phenoxybenzamine - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Only NON-COMPETITIVE drug this module
Non-competitively blocks alpha-1 >> alpha-2 receptors
phentolamine - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
alpha-1 = alpha-2 inhibition
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1
terazosin, doxazosin - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1
tamsulosin - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
only blocks alpha-1A receptor types
yohimbine - Mechanism of Action
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
central alpha-2 blockade in baroreflex arc
alpha-2 >> alpha-1
carbaryl - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
reversible AChase inhibitor
found in insecticide used around the house
Tertiary amine
donepezil - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, reversible carbamate AChase inhibitor
more selective for CNS, little peripheral activity to inhibit Achase
Tertiary amine
edrophonium - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
inhibits AChase at peripheral cholinergic junctions
majority of action from direct stimulation of N2 cholinergic receptors
Quarternery amine
galantamine - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
carbamate AChase inhibitor
Tertiary amine
neostigmine - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
direct agonist at N2 cholinergic receptors
AChase reversible inhibitor via carbamylation
Quaternery amine
physostigmine - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, slowly-reversible inhibition of AChase (15-30min)
no direct effect on Ach receptors
tertiary amine
pyridostigmine - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
direct agonist at N2 cholinergic receptors
AChase reversible inhibitor via carbamylation
Quaternery amine
rivastigmine - Mechanism of Action
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, reversible carbamate AChase inhibitor
available as a transdermal patch
tertiary amine
acetylcholine - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Primarily exerts muscarinic effects
given IV
nicotinic effects only seen after muscarinic receptors are blocked by atropine
bethanechol - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Muscarinic agonist
Selective for GU and GI effects
given p.o. but F is low
carbachol = carbamylcholine - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Nicotinic and muscarinic agonist
methacholine - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Muscarinic agonist
pilocarpine - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Tertiary amine
Selective Muscarinic agonist
degraded by hepatic and NOT by AChase
succinylcholine - Mechanism of Action
Cholinergic agonists
Constant stimulation of N2-cholinergic receptors at NMJ leading to 3-5min of flaccid paralysis
IV injection
usually degraded by plasma cholinesterase, but eventually removed by diffusion
cocaine - Mechanism of Action
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local Anesthesia: blocks Na+ channels in sensory pain fibers
NONCOMPETATIVE blockade of monoamine uptake1, therefore more NE, DA, EPI, 5HT
Acts centrally to increase peripheral sympathetic outflow
CNS: additive because increases DA release in nucleus accumbens
acetazolamide - Mechanism of Action
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - makes urine more alkaline
ammonium chloride - Mechanism of Action
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more acidic
glycopyrrolate - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
ipratropium - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
methscopolamine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
N-methylatropine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
tiotropium - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
atropine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
benztropine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects
darifenacin - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
selective M3 receptor antagonist
dicyclomine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
GI Muscarinic antagonist effects
diphenhydramine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects
Anti-histamine
hyoscyamine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
GI Muscarinic antagonist effects
oxybutynin - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
GU Muscarinic antagonist effects
scopolamine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
little effect on heart rate
solifenacin - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
selective M3 receptor antagonist
tolterodine - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
GU Muscarinic antagonist effects
trihexyphenidyl - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects
tropicamide - Mechanism of Action
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine
Muscarinic antagonist
Eye muscarinic antagonist effects
sunglasses in TROPICs
mecamylamine - Mechanism of Action
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
competitive blockade of N1-cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia
given p.o.
prevents all sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity from reaching effector organs in ANS
trimethaphan - Mechanism of Action
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
competitive blockade of N1-cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia
given IV
prevents all sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity from reaching effector organs in ANS
nicotine - Mechanism of Action
nicotinic receptor agonists
direct stimulation of peripheral N1 and N2 cholinergic receptors
in CNS, induces release of NE and dopamine (nucleus accumbens)
succinylcholine - Mechanism of Action
nicotinic receptor agonists
Constant stimulation of N2-cholinergic receptors at NMJ leading to 3-5min of flaccid paralysis
IV injection
usually degraded by plasma cholinesterase, but eventually removed by diffusion
memantine - Mechanism of Action
NMDA receptor antagonist
glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist
does not affect AChase inhibition by carbamates
dimpylate - Mechanism of Action
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase
spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow
echothiophate - Mechanism of Action
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase
spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow
isofluophate - Mechanism of Action
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase
spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow
malathion - Mechanism of Action
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase
spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow
parathion - Mechanism of Action
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase
spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow
caffeine - Mechanism of Action
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP
papaverine - Mechanism of Action
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP
sildenafil - Mechanism of Action
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cGMP into 5'GMP
theophylline - Mechanism of Action
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP
alpha-methyldopa - Mechanism of Action
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
transported into CNS and PNS and converted to a-Methyl-NE where it is stored in vesicles until release
NOT metabolized by MAO, so stored in the cytoplasm too
guanethidine - Mechanism of Action
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
poorly lipid soluble
inhibition of nerve stimulated NE release from PNS neurons
reserpine - Mechanism of Action
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
lipid soluble, so it enters CNS
small doses lead to destruction of intracellular storage vesicles for NE in PNS and larger doses in the CNS as well
does not inhibit release of NE
acetazolamide - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
given p.o or topically
apraclonidine - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
a2 receptor agonist
betaxolol - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective B1 antagonist
bimatoprost - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
PGF2a analog
dorzolamide - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
given topically
echothiophate - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors
irreversibly inhibition of cholinesterase via phosphorylation of active site
epinephrine - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
a1 receptor agonist
isofluophate (DFP) - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors
irreversibly inhibition of cholinesterase via phosphorylation of active site
latanoprost - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
PGF2a analog
mannitol - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
Osmotic diuretic agent
pilocarpine - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
Tertiary amine
Selective Muscarinic agonist
degraded by hepatic and NOT by AChase
timolol - Mechanism of Action
Treatment of glaucoma
B-agonist
alprostadil - Mechanism of Action
treatment of impotence
PGE1 analog
Topical/injection into corpus cavernosum
papaverine - Mechanism of Action
treatment of impotence
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
phentolamine - Mechanism of Action
treatment of impotence
competitive block of alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors
alpha-1 = alpha-2
sildenafil - Mechanism of Action
treatment of impotence
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increase in cGMP
pralidoxime - Mechanism of Action
Tx of OP poisoning
increases rate of hydrolysis of phosphorylated enzyme, particularly at NMJ
NOT used for carbamate poisoning
Quarternery
albuterol - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate
less increase in HR than with isoproterenol
amphetamine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
if NE available, massive increase in NE concentration in CNS and PNS
Enters the CNS
dobutamine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Does NOT increase TPR and DBP
increase SV via increase dp/dt
lowering of TPR increases CO even more
Venodilation of venules decreases venous return (good for MI patients)
increased GFR solely from increase in CO
dopamine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Small dose: selective dilation of renal afferent arterioles leads to increase in GFR and thus sodium excretion
Intermediate dose: stimulation renal D1 and myocardial
ephedrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Direct: bronchodilation in asthma, and increase AV conduction in AV block
Indirect: mydriasis, increased BP (via increase TPR), nasal decongestion
epinephrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Small dose: stimulation of
isoproterenol - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
decrease in DBP
increase dp/dt, HR, and SV leads to increase in PP
little increase in SBP because DBP falls so much
norepinephrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Direct: increase of TPR (vasoconstriction) via alpha receptors in skin, kidney and GI tract lead to increase in DBP
Vasodilation seen in liver and skeletal muscle via B2 stimulation
Indirect: baroreflexly-mediated bradycardia via increased vagal tone, no change in stroke volume because of Frank-Starling mechanism
phenylephrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
When given IV, mimics NE: Increased DBP and SBP, SV unchanged, Bradycardia via baroreflex
Cardiovascular effects: Arteriolar vasoconstriction leading to increased TPR and DBP, Baroreflex-mediated bradycardia, decreased blood flow to all organs
pseudoephedrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
Lipid soluble enters CNS
less CNS excitation and less increase BP and HR than ephedrine
nasal and sinus decongestant
ritodrine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
B2 stimulation results in relaxation of uterine smooth muscle
salmeterol - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate
less increase in HR than with isoproterenol
terbutaline - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate
less increase in HR than with isoproterenol
tyramine - Pharm Effects
Adrenergic agonists
ingested p.o.
normally destroyed by MAO in gut wall, but if on MAO inhibitor, tyramine not oxidized
causes massive release of NE leading to hypertension and possibly stroke
CAN NOT cross BBB
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Slight constriction of blood vessels (reduces migraine headache pain)
labetalol - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR
descrease BP
descrease dp/dt
decrease/nochange in HR
No change in CO
phenoxybenzamine - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP
Increase venous capacitance
Increase HR
Increase dp/dt
No change on CO
phentolamine - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP
Increase venous capacitance
Increase HR
Increase dp/dt
No change on CO
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP
Increase venous capacitance
No change in HR, dp/dt and CO
terazosin, doxazosin - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP
Increase venous capacitance
No change in HR, dp/dt and CO
yohimbine - Pharm Effects
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
tachy, tremor, slight increase in BP
restlessness, irritability, anxiety
NOT effective in producing erection in males with ED
carbaryl - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
grouped with irreversible organophosphate inhibitors because poisoning causes similar effects (but it is a reversible inhibitor)
donepezil - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Inhibits action of Achase, leading to increased ACh in nerve terminals
decreased hallucinations, apathy, behavioral problems, anxiety
edrophonium - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Primarily increase efficacy of Ach at NMJ
neostigmine - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increases concentration of Ach at muscarinic (* give M receptor agonist!) and nicotinic sites
increases activation of N2 receptors
physostigmine - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increase Ach in muscarinic and nicotinic nerve terminals in CNS and PNS (due to inhibition of Achase)
pyridostigmine - Pharm Effects
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increases concentration of Ach at muscarinic (* give M receptor agonist!) and nicotinic sites
increases activation of N2 receptors
acetylcholine - Pharm Effects
Cholinergic agonists
(Cardio) Rapid and transient descrease in BP (due to release of NO from endothelial cells) leads to baroreflex mediated tachycardia
bethanechol - Pharm Effects
Cholinergic agonists
Increased acid secretion
Increased motility and tone
relax sphincters
Stimulate secretion in GI tract
Contract detrussor muscle
Relax external sphincter
methacholine - Pharm Effects
Cholinergic agonists
Contraction of bronchial muscle
pilocarpine - Pharm Effects
Cholinergic agonists
Contraction of meridional fibers of ciliary muscle
which leads to increase in iridiocorneal angle and alignment of trabeculae
which allows aqueous humor to flow through Canal of Schlemm (glaucoma)
succinylcholine - Pharm Effects
Cholinergic agonists
Flaccid paralysis due to constant depolarization of motor end plate
cocaine - Pharm Effects
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local anesthesia
Euphoria
Dose-related increase in BP and HR
Vasoconstriction - Local application leads to intense VC from blockage of uptake1
acetazolamide - Pharm Effects
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more alkaline
ammonium chloride - Pharm Effects
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more acidic
glycopyrrolate - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Does not enter CNS
atropine - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
differential sensitivity depending on dose
increasing in dosage: glands to heart to bladder and bowel to eye
Heart rate (tachycardia)
decrease tremor
benztropine - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
decrease tremor
some effect on rigidity
cyclopentolate - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Mydriasis and cycloplegia (loss of accommodation)
darifenacin - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects
oxybutynin - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Blocks muscarinic receptors leading to antispasmodic effect on detrusor muscle
Decreased spontaneous contractions leading to increased bladder capacity, and decreased frequency
scopolamine - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
little effect on heart rate
marked CNS effects
solifenacin - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects
trihexyphenidyl - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
decrease tremor
some effect on rigidity
tropicamide - Pharm Effects
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
mydriasis
mecamylamine - Pharm Effects
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Blockage of Sympathetic ganglia - decreased TPR, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, decreased sweating, impotence
Blockage of parasympathetic ganglia - tachycardia, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased salvation and lacrimation, decreased GI everything, decreased release pancreatic enzyme and bile, constipation and urinary retention, impotence
trimethaphan - Pharm Effects
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Blockage of Sympathetic ganglia - decreased TPR, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, decreased sweating, impotence
Blockage of parasympathetic ganglia - tachycardia, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased salvation and lacrimation, decreased GI everything, decreased release pancreatic enzyme and bile, constipation and urinary retention, impotence
nicotine - Pharm Effects
nicotinic receptor agonists
(Na
succinylcholine - Pharm Effects
nicotinic receptor agonists
Flaccid paralysis due to constant depolarization of motor end plate
memantine - Pharm Effects
NMDA receptor antagonist
prevents entry of excessive amounts of calcium, thereby preventing neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity
dimpylate - Pharm Effects
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses
echothiophate - Pharm Effects
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses
isofluophate - Pharm Effects
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle
leads to increase outflow normal pathway
malathion - Pharm Effects
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses
parathion - Pharm Effects
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses
converted to active metabolite paraoxon by CYP450
sildenafil - Pharm Effects
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Effect is accentuated by co-administration of nitroglycerin
theophylline - Pharm Effects
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Bronchodilator
alpha-methyldopa - Pharm Effects
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
mimics increase in baroreceptor input form carotid sinus in brain
in blood vessels, as efficacious as NE at producing VC sympathetic reflexes are attenuated, not blocked
Blood vessels: passively dilate b.c. reduction in tonic VC, passive dilation in venules leading to balanced vasodilation
Heart: HR decreased slightly, no change CO
Pituitary: Increase in prolactin secretion due to decrease in DA release
guanethidine - Pharm Effects
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Blood vessels: BP falls, decrease in VR, balanced vasodilation
Heart: HR and CO unchanged or decreased slightly
reserpine - Pharm Effects
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Blood vessels: dilation of arterioles leads to decreased TPR, dilation of venules leads to decreased preload, therefore, balanced vasodilation
Heart: HR decreased, little-no change in CO
GI tract: increased motility and tone
Pituitary: prolactin secretion increases
acetazolamide - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Decreases production of aqueous humor by inhibiting Carbonic anhydrase in ciliary body
Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for the production of aqueous humor
apraclonidine - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective a2 stimulation produces decrase in production of aqueous humor
betaxolol - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Decrease in production of aqueous humor by unkown reason
no effect on visual accomodation or pupil size
bimatoprost - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
increase aqueous humor outflow via uveoscleral pathway
dorzolamide - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Decreases production of aqueous humor
echothiophate - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle
leads to increase outflow normal pathway
epinephrine - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
enhances outflow of aqueous humor via normal pressure dependent pathway.
isofluophate (DFP) - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle
leads to increase outflow normal pathway
latanoprost - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
increase aqueous humor outflow via uveoscleral pathway
mannitol - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
hyperosmolar extracellular fluid causes cellular dehydration and thus a fall in IOP
pilocarpine - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Contraction of meridional fibers of ciliary muscle
which leads to increase in iridiocorneal angle and alignment of trabeculae
which allows aqueous humor to flow through Canal of Schlemm (glaucoma)
timolol - Pharm Effects
Treatment of glaucoma
Decrease in production of aqueous humor by unkown reason
no effect on visual accomodation or pupil size
papaverine - Pharm Effects
treatment of impotence
erection if injected into corpus cavernosa
phentolamine - Pharm Effects
treatment of impotence
vasodilation due to alpha-1 blocking
erection if injected into corpus cavernosa
decreased TPR and BP
increased venous capacitance
Increased HR
Increased dp/dt
No change in CO
sildenafil - Pharm Effects
treatment of impotence
When taken p.o., results in erection
albuterol - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis
amphetamine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Treatmetn of ADD and ADHD
dobutamine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Increase CO in MI patients and patients in cardiogenic/septic shock
prevent/reverse rise in TPR caused by large dose of DA
dopamine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Increase CO in MI patients
increase BP in septic and hemorrhagic shock patients
Increase CO in CHF (refractory to Dioxin and Diuretics)
Increase urine flow in treatment of Barbituate and Slicuclate poisoning
Small dose used to maintain uring flow in ICU
ephedrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Pressor agent to reverse hypotension during anesthesia (given i.v. increases BP 10-20mm Hg within 60s and lasts for 60 min)
Central excitation, but less than amphetamine
Net effects: increase BP, HR, CO, AV conduction
bronchodilation, mydriasis and insomnia
epinephrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
treatment of anaphylaxis to increase DBP, SBP, PP
Bronchodilator in patients with Asthma and COPD
Topical application in eye leads to decrease in intraocular pressure
VC agent with local anesthetic drugs (NOT: Fingers, Nose, Penis, OR Toes!)
DOC for anaphylactic reactions! Reverses bronchoconstriction and laryngeal edema
DOC for relieving priapism
(+)inotropic agent in cardiac arrest
isoproterenol - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Increase AV conduction in AV conduction block
positive inotropic agent in cardiac arrest
norepinephrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Vasopressor agent when CO and tissue perfusion are relatively normal
Vasoconstrictor agent with local anesthetic drugs
oxymetazoline - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Nasal decongestant, longer half-life than phenylephrine
phenylephrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Relief of nasal congestion
systemic vasocontrictor agent
local application produces mydriasis by contraction of radial muscle of iris (good for funduscopic exam)
pseudoephedrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Nasal and sinus decongestant
Decreased nasal blood vessel swelling and pressure
ritodrine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Relax uterine muscle to delay partuition
Allows doctors to move baby out of breech position
salmeterol - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis
terbutaline - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis
tyramine - Therapeutic uses
Adrenergic agonists
None
found in food - wine beer and cheese (MAO destroys it in gut)
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Migraine headaches
labetalol - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Hypertension: used to lower BP in patients with hypertensive emergency
Pheochromocytoma: does NOT causes enough a-receptor blockade to prevent episodic increase in BP
phenoxybenzamine - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Controls BP in pts with malignant tumors
Pheochromocytoma: used perioperatively with a non-selective
phentolamine - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
used locally to reverse ischemia and tissue necrosis caused by extravasation of dopamine from veins during IV infusion
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Pheochromocytoma: used perioperatively with a non-selective
terazosin, doxazosin - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
70% of alpha adrenoreceptors in prostate are alpha-1A subtype
small doses of these can therefore relieve urinary obstruction and increase urine flow rate
tamsulosin - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Drug of choice for Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
small dose to relieve urinary obstruction in increase flow rate (FlowMax) in pts with prostatic hypertrophy
70% of alpha adrenoreceptors in prostate are alpha-1A subtype
yohimbine - Therapeutic uses
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Not effective for treating ED
carbaryl - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No uses, very poisonous
Treat poisioning with Atropine
donepezil - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
DOC for Alzheimers
Decreases apathy, anxiety, hallucinations and behavioral issues
edrophonium - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis (ptosis is first sign)
Titrate adequacy of treatment of Myestenia Gravis
Distinguish between
neostigmine - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Post-op paralytic ileus
atony of GU and GI tracts
Myasthenia gravis
Reversal of paralysis caused by NMJ blocking agents (d-tubocurarine)
physostigmine - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Alzheimer
pyridostigmine - Therapeutic uses
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
long term p.o. dosing to treat Myasthenia Gravis
acetylcholine - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
Not used systemically: affects multiple organs, rapidly degraded
(Eye) miosis for 20-60 minutes, useful in surgery involving anterior chamber
bethanechol - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
Bowel stasis
Post-op paralytic ileus (can't poop)
urinary retention
treats not being able use the restroom
carbachol = carbamylcholine - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
(Eye) used post-op to cause miosis (slow onset, 4-8hrs)
methacholine - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
Used as provocative again in diagnosis of asthma
pilocarpine - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20%
dry mouth associated with Sjorgrens syndrome
succinylcholine - Therapeutic uses
Cholinergic agonists
Induce muscle relaxation and short term paralysis
cocaine - Therapeutic uses
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local anesthesia in ocular and nasal surgery
acetazolamide - Therapeutic uses
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
increased ionization of toxic acidic drugs leading to increased urinary excretion
e.g. Aspirin (salicyclic acid) removal
ammonium chloride - Therapeutic uses
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
increased ionization of toxic basic drugs leading to increased urinary excretion
e.g. Ecstacy("E","X"), Amphetamine removal
glycopyrrolate - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
used to decrease production of saliva/pulmonary secretions
perioperative: counteract bradycardia caused by ocular pressure, visceral traction, carotid sinus stimulation
ipratropium - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Asthma and COPD
atropine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
perioperative: counteract bradycardia caused by ocular pressure, visceral traction, carotid sinus stimulation
Tx of OP poisoning
Determination of refractive error
used to decrease production of saliva/pulmonary secretions
reversal of digoxin-induced AV block
reversal of bradycardia in children leads to increase CO
Can be used for Parkinsons
benztropine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Treatment of Parkinson
cyclopentolate - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
determination of refractive error of the lens
DOC for this! Because short duration of action
darifenacin - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB)
dicyclomine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
prevent bowel spasms and decrease pain associated with IBS
diphenhydramine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Anti-histamine
hyoscyamine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
prevent bowel spasms and decrease pain associated with IBS
oxybutynin - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB)
scopolamine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
tranquilize patients and induce amnesia
reversal of neuromuscular blockade caused by drugs like d-tubocurarine (blocks unwanted upregulation in parasympathetic response)
Motion sickness: excessive muscarinic R stimulation in vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
determination of refractive error
solifenacin - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB)
tolterodine - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB)
trihexyphenidyl - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Treatment of Parkinson
tropicamide - Therapeutic uses
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
examination of retina and optic disk
DOC for fundoscopic exam! Short duration of action
mecamylamine - Therapeutic uses
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Control of autonomic hyperreflexia (hypertension, bradycardia (second to hypertension, baroreflex) , sweating, piloerection)
Out of control sympathetic nerve activity
prevents paroxysmal increases in sympathetic activity
trimethaphan - Therapeutic uses
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
to produce controlled hypotension during head and neck surgery
Cause histamine release leading to vasodilation
nicotine - Therapeutic uses
nicotinic receptor agonists
Really?
succinylcholine - Therapeutic uses
nicotinic receptor agonists
Induce muscle relaxation and short term paralysis
memantine - Therapeutic uses
NMDA receptor antagonist
Treatment of cognitive loss, dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons
dimpylate - Therapeutic uses
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none
insecticide for lawns and gardens
echothiophate - Therapeutic uses
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
topical treatment for glaucoma
isofluophate - Therapeutic uses
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
topical treatment for glaucoma
malathion - Therapeutic uses
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none
insecticide that does not harm mammals and birds (plasma carboxyesterases)
parathion - Therapeutic uses
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none
insecticide that caused many accidental poisoning/death
caffeine - Therapeutic uses
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Relax smooth muscle of bronchioles in asthma pts
papaverine - Therapeutic uses
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Impotence
sildenafil - Therapeutic uses
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
vasodilation of blood vessels (relaxation of vascular smooth muscle)
treatment of impotence
theophylline - Therapeutic uses
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Relieves airflow obstruction of chronic asthma
alpha-methyldopa - Therapeutic uses
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
treat hypertension in adults and pregnant women (not teratogenic)
Pregnant women already lack a period and are producing milk (toxicity)
guanethidine - Therapeutic uses
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
to torture us on BJE
drug is Guano
reserpine - Therapeutic uses
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
to torture us on BJE
acetazolamide - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma
apraclonidine - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
prevents post-surgical ocular hypertension after laser trabeculoplasty
betaxolol - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20-30%
bimatoprost - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Increases length and thickness of eyelashes
dorzolamide - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lowers IOP by 10-20%
echothiophate - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma (topical)
epinephrine - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor
isofluophate (DFP) - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma (topical)
latanoprost - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - Lowers IOP by 20-25%
mannitol - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
treatment of acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma
pilocarpine - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20%
for treatment of acute angle glaucoma
timolol - Therapeutic uses
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20-30%
phentolamine - Therapeutic uses
treatment of impotence
Injection to treat impotence, will lead to erection
Used perioperatively with a nonselective Beta blocker during manipulation of a pheochromocytoma tumor
Local use to reverse ichemia and tissue necrosis caused by extravation of DA from veins
pralidoxime - Therapeutic uses
Tx of OP poisoning
Treatment of Organo phosphate poisoning
albuterol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Tremor (B2 stim)
Tachycardia
amphetamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Can enter CNS
Insomnia
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
Psychiatric disturbances after prolonged use.
dobutamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Better than Dopamine for MI patients: does not increase afterload, less tachycardia, causes venodilation
excessive dose leads to tachycardia and dysrhythmias
dopamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Small and Intermediate doses: little effect on heart rate
Large dose: tachycardia, increased TPR, Cardiac arrythmias, Angina, Developed tolerance to inotropic effects of DA and Dobutamine (down reg of receptors)
ephedrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Actute psychotic reaction
increased hypertension
Insomnia
Cardiac arrhythmias (B)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
Tremor (B2 Stim)
Rebound nasal decongestion (nasal VC)
epinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cariac arrhythmias (B stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B stim)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
Pulmonary edema (from increased TPR)
Tremor (B2 stim)
isoproterenol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Tremor (B2 stim)
Tachycardia
norepinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cariac arrhythmias (B stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B stim)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
Pulmonary edema (from increased TPR)
Tremor (B2 stim)
oxymetazoline - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Oxymetazoline acts longer than phenylephrine
Renal and mesenteric ischemia (alpha)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
rebound nasal congestion (from nasal vasocontriction)
phenylephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Oxymetazoline acts longer than phenylephrine
Renal and mesenteric ischemia (alpha)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
rebound nasal congestion (from nasal vasocontriction)
pseudoephedrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Insomnia
Cardiac arrhythmias (B)
Angina in pts with CAD (B)
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP)
Tremor (B2 stimulation)
Rebound nasal congestion
ritodrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Tremor (B2 stim)
Tachycardia
salmeterol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Tremor (B2 stim)
Tachycardia
terbutaline - Adverse effects/toxicity
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim)
Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim)
Tremor (B2 stim)
Tachycardia
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Spontaneous abortion
Muscle pain
Parethesias
Digital vasospasm
Gangrene
Miosis
Inhibition of ejaculation
Increased insulin release
labetalol - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis
Inhibition of ejaculation
phenoxybenzamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Angina
Tachycardia
Miosis (alpha-1 block)
Inhibition of ejaculation (alpha-1 block)
Increased insulin release (alpha-2)
phentolamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Angina
Tachycardia
Miosis (alpha-1 block)
Inhibition of ejaculation (alpha-1 block)
Increased insulin release (alpha-2)
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis
Inhibition of ejaculation
terazosin, doxazosin - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis
Inhibition of ejaculation
yohimbine - Adverse effects/toxicity
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Tachycardia
Tremor
Slign increase in BP
Restlessness
Irritability
Anxiety
Increase insulin release (alpha-2)
donepezil - Adverse effects/toxicity
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
urinary incontinence, n/v, diarrhea, muscle cramps, fatigue, bradycardia, anorexia
edrophonium - Adverse effects/toxicity
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects
neostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects
physostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
numerous side effects
CNS side effects (tertiary amine)
pyridostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects
bethanechol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Cholinergic agonists
Contraindicated for people with asthma, COPD, and Peptic Ulcers
pilocarpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Cholinergic agonists
(Eye) impairs far vision, persistent miosis leads to poor night vision
Contraindicated for patients with asthma, COPD, peptic ulcers, hyperthyroidism and dilated heart
succinylcholine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Cholinergic agonists
People may not be able to breath if diaphragm is affected
cocaine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Cardiac dysrhythmias
MI
chest pain
Pulmonary Edema
CVA
respiratory disease
seizures
sudden death
acetazolamide - Adverse effects/toxicity
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Avoid giving p.o for glaucoma - headache, decreased libido, mettalic taste, kidney stones, urinary frequency
atropine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
need larger doses
effects all muscarinic receptors
longer duration of action
lots of side effects, SEE NOTES (too many to fit here)
benztropine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, dry mouth
darifenacin - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects
dry mouth, but less than oxybutin, tolteridine, and trospoium
diphenhydramine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
if given to patient taking carbamate inhibitors for cognitive loss, decreased efficacy of carbamate drugs
oxybutynin - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
drowsiness, somnolence, dizziness
scopolamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
can cause anterograde amnesia which is accentuated by ethanol
longer duration of action
solifenacin - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects
dry mouth, but less than oxybutin, tolteridine, and trospoium
tolterodine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
somnolence, dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation
trihexyphenidyl - Adverse effects/toxicity
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, dry mouth
nicotine - Adverse effects/toxicity
nicotinic receptor agonists
Very Water soluble, passes quickly from blood to brain
Rapidly absorbed from buccal cavity, respiratory tract, and skin.
succinylcholine - Adverse effects/toxicity
nicotinic receptor agonists
People may not be able to breath if diaphragm is affected
isofluophate - Adverse effects/toxicity
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
Last resort drug
side effects include cataracts and general toxicity
malathion - Adverse effects/toxicity
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
safer than parathion
parathion - Adverse effects/toxicity
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
causes of many accidental deaths
theophylline - Adverse effects/toxicity
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Seizures
Possible fatal arrhythmias
alpha-methyldopa - Adverse effects/toxicity
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Makes you look like an idiot- depressed CNS function, sedation, dry mouth (tongue hanging out), nasal congestion
edema, orthostatic intolerance, positive Coomb
guanethidine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Orthostatic hypotension
Sexual dysfunction
Supersensitivity to direct-acting sympathomimetic amines
Unopposed parasympathetic tone
reserpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
CNS: sedation, movement disorders, depression
Orthostatic hypotension
Sexual dysfunction- can
acetazolamide - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
Avoid giving p.o for glaucoma - headache, decreased libido, mettalic taste, kidney stones, urinary frequency
betaxolol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective for B1 so little affect on bronchiolar smooth muscle (contrast with Timolol)
Systemtic absorbption leads to bradycardia
echothiophate - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
This is a last resort drug when all other treatments fail
causes cataracts and general toxicity
epinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
Causes mydriasis via a1 stimulation of radial muscle of iris
isofluophate (DFP) - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
This is a last resort drug when all other treatments fail
causes cataracts and general toxicity
pilocarpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
(Eye) impairs far vision, persistent miosis leads to poor night vision
Contraindicated for patients with asthma, COPD, peptic ulcers, hyperthyroidism and dilated heart
timolol - Adverse effects/toxicity
Treatment of glaucoma
Systemtic absorbption leads to bradycardia and bronchoconstrictions (contrast with Betaxolol)
pralidoxime - Adverse effects/toxicity
Tx of OP poisoning
Does not enter CNS (Quarternery)