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307 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
albuterol - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting Selective B2 agonist B2 >> B1 bronchodilators |
|
amphetamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Indirectly acting cause a release of stored NE in noradrenergic fibers lipid soluble so increase NE release from central and peripheral adrenergic neurons also block uptake1 of NE and cause release of DA in nucleus accumbens |
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dobutamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting racemic mixture of enantiomers and both stimulate B1>B2 (+) enantiomer alpha 1 antagonist (-) entantiomer apha 1 agonist |
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dopamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting adrenoreceptor stimulation is dose-related: D1>B1>a1 |
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ephedrine - Mechanism of Action
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Adrenergic agonists
Mixed agonist (indirect and direct) B1 and B2 are direct action alpha adrenoreceptor stimulation via indirect action |
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epinephrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting alpha and B stimulation at small physiological doses, but mostly a at higher, pharmacological doses mean to be a circulating hormone (secreted into vena cava from adrenal medulla) not secreted by lungs |
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isoproterenol - Mechanism of Action
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Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting pure B adrenergic agonist given IV B1 = B2 stimulation |
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norepinephrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting adrenergic agonist alpha and B receptor agonist alpha > B1 > B2 mostly vascular alpha-1 receptor stimulation not meant to be a circulating hormone |
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oxymetazoline - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Directly acting alpha agonist |
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phenylephrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Pure alpha agonist a1 only Directly acting |
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pseudoephedrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Mixed agonist (indirect and direct) Cause release of endogenous NE Lipid soluble enters CNS |
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ritodrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist B2 >> B1 Directly acting |
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salmeterol - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist B2 >> B1 bronchodilators Directly acting |
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terbutaline - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Selective B2 agonist B2 >> B1 bronchodilators Directly acting |
|
tyramine - Mechanism of Action
|
Adrenergic agonists
Indirectly acting cause a release of stored NE in noradrenergic fibers |
|
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Partial alpha agonist |
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labetalol - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1 and beta-1 partial beta-2 agonist |
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phenoxybenzamine - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Only NON-COMPETITIVE drug this module Non-competitively blocks alpha-1 >> alpha-2 receptors |
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phentolamine - Mechanism of Action
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alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
alpha-1 = alpha-2 inhibition |
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prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1 |
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terazosin, doxazosin - Mechanism of Action
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alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
blocks alpha-1 |
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tamsulosin - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
only blocks alpha-1A receptor types |
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yohimbine - Mechanism of Action
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
central alpha-2 blockade in baroreflex arc alpha-2 >> alpha-1 |
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carbaryl - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
reversible AChase inhibitor found in insecticide used around the house Tertiary amine |
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donepezil - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, reversible carbamate AChase inhibitor more selective for CNS, little peripheral activity to inhibit Achase Tertiary amine |
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edrophonium - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
inhibits AChase at peripheral cholinergic junctions majority of action from direct stimulation of N2 cholinergic receptors Quarternery amine |
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galantamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
carbamate AChase inhibitor Tertiary amine |
|
neostigmine - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
direct agonist at N2 cholinergic receptors AChase reversible inhibitor via carbamylation Quaternery amine |
|
physostigmine - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, slowly-reversible inhibition of AChase (15-30min) no direct effect on Ach receptors tertiary amine |
|
pyridostigmine - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
direct agonist at N2 cholinergic receptors AChase reversible inhibitor via carbamylation Quaternery amine |
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rivastigmine - Mechanism of Action
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
non-competitive, reversible carbamate AChase inhibitor available as a transdermal patch tertiary amine |
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acetylcholine - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Primarily exerts muscarinic effects given IV nicotinic effects only seen after muscarinic receptors are blocked by atropine |
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bethanechol - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Muscarinic agonist Selective for GU and GI effects given p.o. but F is low |
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carbachol = carbamylcholine - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Nicotinic and muscarinic agonist |
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methacholine - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Muscarinic agonist |
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pilocarpine - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Tertiary amine Selective Muscarinic agonist degraded by hepatic and NOT by AChase |
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succinylcholine - Mechanism of Action
|
Cholinergic agonists
Constant stimulation of N2-cholinergic receptors at NMJ leading to 3-5min of flaccid paralysis IV injection usually degraded by plasma cholinesterase, but eventually removed by diffusion |
|
cocaine - Mechanism of Action
|
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local Anesthesia: blocks Na+ channels in sensory pain fibers NONCOMPETATIVE blockade of monoamine uptake1, therefore more NE, DA, EPI, 5HT Acts centrally to increase peripheral sympathetic outflow CNS: additive because increases DA release in nucleus accumbens |
|
acetazolamide - Mechanism of Action
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - makes urine more alkaline |
|
ammonium chloride - Mechanism of Action
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more acidic |
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glycopyrrolate - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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ipratropium - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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methscopolamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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N-methylatropine - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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tiotropium - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Quarternary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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atropine - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist |
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benztropine - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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darifenacin - Mechanism of Action
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine selective M3 receptor antagonist |
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dicyclomine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist GI Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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diphenhydramine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects Anti-histamine |
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hyoscyamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist GI Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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oxybutynin - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist GU Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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scopolamine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist little effect on heart rate |
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solifenacin - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine selective M3 receptor antagonist |
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tolterodine - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist GU Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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trihexyphenidyl - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist CNS Muscarinic antagonist effects |
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tropicamide - Mechanism of Action
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Tertiary amine Muscarinic antagonist Eye muscarinic antagonist effects sunglasses in TROPICs |
|
mecamylamine - Mechanism of Action
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
competitive blockade of N1-cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia given p.o. prevents all sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity from reaching effector organs in ANS |
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trimethaphan - Mechanism of Action
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
competitive blockade of N1-cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia given IV prevents all sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity from reaching effector organs in ANS |
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nicotine - Mechanism of Action
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
direct stimulation of peripheral N1 and N2 cholinergic receptors in CNS, induces release of NE and dopamine (nucleus accumbens) |
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succinylcholine - Mechanism of Action
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
Constant stimulation of N2-cholinergic receptors at NMJ leading to 3-5min of flaccid paralysis IV injection usually degraded by plasma cholinesterase, but eventually removed by diffusion |
|
memantine - Mechanism of Action
|
NMDA receptor antagonist
glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist does not affect AChase inhibition by carbamates |
|
dimpylate - Mechanism of Action
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow |
|
echothiophate - Mechanism of Action
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow |
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isofluophate - Mechanism of Action
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow |
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malathion - Mechanism of Action
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow |
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parathion - Mechanism of Action
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Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
phosphorylate active site of AChase spontaneous rate of hydrolysis is very slow |
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caffeine - Mechanism of Action
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP |
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papaverine - Mechanism of Action
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP |
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sildenafil - Mechanism of Action
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cGMP into 5'GMP |
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theophylline - Mechanism of Action
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Prevents phosphodiesterase from changing cAMP into 5'AMP |
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alpha-methyldopa - Mechanism of Action
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
transported into CNS and PNS and converted to a-Methyl-NE where it is stored in vesicles until release NOT metabolized by MAO, so stored in the cytoplasm too |
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guanethidine - Mechanism of Action
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
poorly lipid soluble inhibition of nerve stimulated NE release from PNS neurons |
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reserpine - Mechanism of Action
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
lipid soluble, so it enters CNS small doses lead to destruction of intracellular storage vesicles for NE in PNS and larger doses in the CNS as well does not inhibit release of NE |
|
acetazolamide - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor given p.o or topically |
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apraclonidine - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
a2 receptor agonist |
|
betaxolol - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective B1 antagonist |
|
bimatoprost - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
PGF2a analog |
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dorzolamide - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor given topically |
|
echothiophate - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors irreversibly inhibition of cholinesterase via phosphorylation of active site |
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epinephrine - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
a1 receptor agonist |
|
isofluophate (DFP) - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors irreversibly inhibition of cholinesterase via phosphorylation of active site |
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latanoprost - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
PGF2a analog |
|
mannitol - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Osmotic diuretic agent |
|
pilocarpine - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Tertiary amine Selective Muscarinic agonist degraded by hepatic and NOT by AChase |
|
timolol - Mechanism of Action
|
Treatment of glaucoma
B-agonist |
|
alprostadil - Mechanism of Action
|
treatment of impotence
PGE1 analog Topical/injection into corpus cavernosum |
|
papaverine - Mechanism of Action
|
treatment of impotence
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor |
|
phentolamine - Mechanism of Action
|
treatment of impotence
competitive block of alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors alpha-1 = alpha-2 |
|
sildenafil - Mechanism of Action
|
treatment of impotence
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increase in cGMP |
|
pralidoxime - Mechanism of Action
|
Tx of OP poisoning
increases rate of hydrolysis of phosphorylated enzyme, particularly at NMJ NOT used for carbamate poisoning Quarternery |
|
albuterol - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate less increase in HR than with isoproterenol |
|
amphetamine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
if NE available, massive increase in NE concentration in CNS and PNS Enters the CNS |
|
dobutamine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Does NOT increase TPR and DBP increase SV via increase dp/dt lowering of TPR increases CO even more Venodilation of venules decreases venous return (good for MI patients) increased GFR solely from increase in CO |
|
dopamine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Small dose: selective dilation of renal afferent arterioles leads to increase in GFR and thus sodium excretion Intermediate dose: stimulation renal D1 and myocardial |
|
ephedrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Direct: bronchodilation in asthma, and increase AV conduction in AV block Indirect: mydriasis, increased BP (via increase TPR), nasal decongestion |
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epinephrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Small dose: stimulation of |
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isoproterenol - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
decrease in DBP increase dp/dt, HR, and SV leads to increase in PP little increase in SBP because DBP falls so much |
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norepinephrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Direct: increase of TPR (vasoconstriction) via alpha receptors in skin, kidney and GI tract lead to increase in DBP Vasodilation seen in liver and skeletal muscle via B2 stimulation Indirect: baroreflexly-mediated bradycardia via increased vagal tone, no change in stroke volume because of Frank-Starling mechanism |
|
phenylephrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
When given IV, mimics NE: Increased DBP and SBP, SV unchanged, Bradycardia via baroreflex Cardiovascular effects: Arteriolar vasoconstriction leading to increased TPR and DBP, Baroreflex-mediated bradycardia, decreased blood flow to all organs |
|
pseudoephedrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
Lipid soluble enters CNS less CNS excitation and less increase BP and HR than ephedrine nasal and sinus decongestant |
|
ritodrine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
B2 stimulation results in relaxation of uterine smooth muscle |
|
salmeterol - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate less increase in HR than with isoproterenol |
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terbutaline - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
increase FEV by bronchodilation and therefore increase ability to ventilate less increase in HR than with isoproterenol |
|
tyramine - Pharm Effects
|
Adrenergic agonists
ingested p.o. normally destroyed by MAO in gut wall, but if on MAO inhibitor, tyramine not oxidized causes massive release of NE leading to hypertension and possibly stroke CAN NOT cross BBB |
|
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Slight constriction of blood vessels (reduces migraine headache pain) |
|
labetalol - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR descrease BP descrease dp/dt decrease/nochange in HR No change in CO |
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phenoxybenzamine - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP Increase venous capacitance Increase HR Increase dp/dt No change on CO |
|
phentolamine - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP Increase venous capacitance Increase HR Increase dp/dt No change on CO |
|
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP Increase venous capacitance No change in HR, dp/dt and CO |
|
terazosin, doxazosin - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Decrease TPR and BP Increase venous capacitance No change in HR, dp/dt and CO |
|
yohimbine - Pharm Effects
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
tachy, tremor, slight increase in BP restlessness, irritability, anxiety NOT effective in producing erection in males with ED |
|
carbaryl - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
grouped with irreversible organophosphate inhibitors because poisoning causes similar effects (but it is a reversible inhibitor) |
|
donepezil - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Inhibits action of Achase, leading to increased ACh in nerve terminals decreased hallucinations, apathy, behavioral problems, anxiety |
|
edrophonium - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Primarily increase efficacy of Ach at NMJ |
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neostigmine - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increases concentration of Ach at muscarinic (* give M receptor agonist!) and nicotinic sites increases activation of N2 receptors |
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physostigmine - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increase Ach in muscarinic and nicotinic nerve terminals in CNS and PNS (due to inhibition of Achase) |
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pyridostigmine - Pharm Effects
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
increases concentration of Ach at muscarinic (* give M receptor agonist!) and nicotinic sites increases activation of N2 receptors |
|
acetylcholine - Pharm Effects
|
Cholinergic agonists
(Cardio) Rapid and transient descrease in BP (due to release of NO from endothelial cells) leads to baroreflex mediated tachycardia |
|
bethanechol - Pharm Effects
|
Cholinergic agonists
Increased acid secretion Increased motility and tone relax sphincters Stimulate secretion in GI tract Contract detrussor muscle Relax external sphincter |
|
methacholine - Pharm Effects
|
Cholinergic agonists
Contraction of bronchial muscle |
|
pilocarpine - Pharm Effects
|
Cholinergic agonists
Contraction of meridional fibers of ciliary muscle which leads to increase in iridiocorneal angle and alignment of trabeculae which allows aqueous humor to flow through Canal of Schlemm (glaucoma) |
|
succinylcholine - Pharm Effects
|
Cholinergic agonists
Flaccid paralysis due to constant depolarization of motor end plate |
|
cocaine - Pharm Effects
|
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local anesthesia Euphoria Dose-related increase in BP and HR Vasoconstriction - Local application leads to intense VC from blockage of uptake1 |
|
acetazolamide - Pharm Effects
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more alkaline |
|
ammonium chloride - Pharm Effects
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Makes urine more acidic |
|
glycopyrrolate - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Does not enter CNS |
|
atropine - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
differential sensitivity depending on dose increasing in dosage: glands to heart to bladder and bowel to eye Heart rate (tachycardia) decrease tremor |
|
benztropine - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
decrease tremor some effect on rigidity |
|
cyclopentolate - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Mydriasis and cycloplegia (loss of accommodation) |
|
darifenacin - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects |
|
oxybutynin - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Blocks muscarinic receptors leading to antispasmodic effect on detrusor muscle Decreased spontaneous contractions leading to increased bladder capacity, and decreased frequency |
|
scopolamine - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
little effect on heart rate marked CNS effects |
|
solifenacin - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects |
|
trihexyphenidyl - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
decrease tremor some effect on rigidity |
|
tropicamide - Pharm Effects
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
mydriasis |
|
mecamylamine - Pharm Effects
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Blockage of Sympathetic ganglia - decreased TPR, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, decreased sweating, impotence Blockage of parasympathetic ganglia - tachycardia, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased salvation and lacrimation, decreased GI everything, decreased release pancreatic enzyme and bile, constipation and urinary retention, impotence |
|
trimethaphan - Pharm Effects
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Blockage of Sympathetic ganglia - decreased TPR, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, decreased sweating, impotence Blockage of parasympathetic ganglia - tachycardia, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased salvation and lacrimation, decreased GI everything, decreased release pancreatic enzyme and bile, constipation and urinary retention, impotence |
|
nicotine - Pharm Effects
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
(Na |
|
succinylcholine - Pharm Effects
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
Flaccid paralysis due to constant depolarization of motor end plate |
|
memantine - Pharm Effects
|
NMDA receptor antagonist
prevents entry of excessive amounts of calcium, thereby preventing neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity |
|
dimpylate - Pharm Effects
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses |
|
echothiophate - Pharm Effects
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses |
|
isofluophate - Pharm Effects
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle leads to increase outflow normal pathway |
|
malathion - Pharm Effects
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses |
|
parathion - Pharm Effects
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
increase ACh in all cholinergic synapses converted to active metabolite paraoxon by CYP450 |
|
sildenafil - Pharm Effects
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Effect is accentuated by co-administration of nitroglycerin |
|
theophylline - Pharm Effects
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Bronchodilator |
|
alpha-methyldopa - Pharm Effects
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
mimics increase in baroreceptor input form carotid sinus in brain in blood vessels, as efficacious as NE at producing VC sympathetic reflexes are attenuated, not blocked Blood vessels: passively dilate b.c. reduction in tonic VC, passive dilation in venules leading to balanced vasodilation Heart: HR decreased slightly, no change CO Pituitary: Increase in prolactin secretion due to decrease in DA release |
|
guanethidine - Pharm Effects
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Blood vessels: BP falls, decrease in VR, balanced vasodilation Heart: HR and CO unchanged or decreased slightly |
|
reserpine - Pharm Effects
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Blood vessels: dilation of arterioles leads to decreased TPR, dilation of venules leads to decreased preload, therefore, balanced vasodilation Heart: HR decreased, little-no change in CO GI tract: increased motility and tone Pituitary: prolactin secretion increases |
|
acetazolamide - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Decreases production of aqueous humor by inhibiting Carbonic anhydrase in ciliary body Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for the production of aqueous humor |
|
apraclonidine - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective a2 stimulation produces decrase in production of aqueous humor |
|
betaxolol - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Decrease in production of aqueous humor by unkown reason no effect on visual accomodation or pupil size |
|
bimatoprost - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
increase aqueous humor outflow via uveoscleral pathway |
|
dorzolamide - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Decreases production of aqueous humor |
|
echothiophate - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle leads to increase outflow normal pathway |
|
epinephrine - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
enhances outflow of aqueous humor via normal pressure dependent pathway. |
|
isofluophate (DFP) - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
lowers IOP by increasing Ach available to contract ciliary muscle leads to increase outflow normal pathway |
|
latanoprost - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
increase aqueous humor outflow via uveoscleral pathway |
|
mannitol - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
hyperosmolar extracellular fluid causes cellular dehydration and thus a fall in IOP |
|
pilocarpine - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Contraction of meridional fibers of ciliary muscle which leads to increase in iridiocorneal angle and alignment of trabeculae which allows aqueous humor to flow through Canal of Schlemm (glaucoma) |
|
timolol - Pharm Effects
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Decrease in production of aqueous humor by unkown reason no effect on visual accomodation or pupil size |
|
papaverine - Pharm Effects
|
treatment of impotence
erection if injected into corpus cavernosa |
|
phentolamine - Pharm Effects
|
treatment of impotence
vasodilation due to alpha-1 blocking erection if injected into corpus cavernosa decreased TPR and BP increased venous capacitance Increased HR Increased dp/dt No change in CO |
|
sildenafil - Pharm Effects
|
treatment of impotence
When taken p.o., results in erection |
|
albuterol - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis |
|
amphetamine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Treatmetn of ADD and ADHD |
|
dobutamine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Increase CO in MI patients and patients in cardiogenic/septic shock prevent/reverse rise in TPR caused by large dose of DA |
|
dopamine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Increase CO in MI patients increase BP in septic and hemorrhagic shock patients Increase CO in CHF (refractory to Dioxin and Diuretics) Increase urine flow in treatment of Barbituate and Slicuclate poisoning Small dose used to maintain uring flow in ICU |
|
ephedrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Pressor agent to reverse hypotension during anesthesia (given i.v. increases BP 10-20mm Hg within 60s and lasts for 60 min) Central excitation, but less than amphetamine Net effects: increase BP, HR, CO, AV conduction bronchodilation, mydriasis and insomnia |
|
epinephrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
treatment of anaphylaxis to increase DBP, SBP, PP Bronchodilator in patients with Asthma and COPD Topical application in eye leads to decrease in intraocular pressure VC agent with local anesthetic drugs (NOT: Fingers, Nose, Penis, OR Toes!) DOC for anaphylactic reactions! Reverses bronchoconstriction and laryngeal edema DOC for relieving priapism (+)inotropic agent in cardiac arrest |
|
isoproterenol - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Increase AV conduction in AV conduction block positive inotropic agent in cardiac arrest |
|
norepinephrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Vasopressor agent when CO and tissue perfusion are relatively normal Vasoconstrictor agent with local anesthetic drugs |
|
oxymetazoline - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Nasal decongestant, longer half-life than phenylephrine |
|
phenylephrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Relief of nasal congestion systemic vasocontrictor agent local application produces mydriasis by contraction of radial muscle of iris (good for funduscopic exam) |
|
pseudoephedrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Nasal and sinus decongestant Decreased nasal blood vessel swelling and pressure |
|
ritodrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Relax uterine muscle to delay partuition Allows doctors to move baby out of breech position |
|
salmeterol - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis |
|
terbutaline - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
Relieve bronchoconstriction from asthma, COPD and bronchitis |
|
tyramine - Therapeutic uses
|
Adrenergic agonists
None found in food - wine beer and cheese (MAO destroys it in gut) |
|
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Migraine headaches |
|
labetalol - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Hypertension: used to lower BP in patients with hypertensive emergency Pheochromocytoma: does NOT causes enough a-receptor blockade to prevent episodic increase in BP |
|
phenoxybenzamine - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Controls BP in pts with malignant tumors Pheochromocytoma: used perioperatively with a non-selective |
|
phentolamine - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
used locally to reverse ischemia and tissue necrosis caused by extravasation of dopamine from veins during IV infusion |
|
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Pheochromocytoma: used perioperatively with a non-selective |
|
terazosin, doxazosin - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
70% of alpha adrenoreceptors in prostate are alpha-1A subtype small doses of these can therefore relieve urinary obstruction and increase urine flow rate |
|
tamsulosin - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Drug of choice for Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) small dose to relieve urinary obstruction in increase flow rate (FlowMax) in pts with prostatic hypertrophy 70% of alpha adrenoreceptors in prostate are alpha-1A subtype |
|
yohimbine - Therapeutic uses
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Not effective for treating ED |
|
carbaryl - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No uses, very poisonous Treat poisioning with Atropine |
|
donepezil - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
DOC for Alzheimers Decreases apathy, anxiety, hallucinations and behavioral issues |
|
edrophonium - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis (ptosis is first sign) Titrate adequacy of treatment of Myestenia Gravis Distinguish between |
|
neostigmine - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Post-op paralytic ileus atony of GU and GI tracts Myasthenia gravis Reversal of paralysis caused by NMJ blocking agents (d-tubocurarine) |
|
physostigmine - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
Alzheimer |
|
pyridostigmine - Therapeutic uses
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
long term p.o. dosing to treat Myasthenia Gravis |
|
acetylcholine - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
Not used systemically: affects multiple organs, rapidly degraded (Eye) miosis for 20-60 minutes, useful in surgery involving anterior chamber |
|
bethanechol - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
Bowel stasis Post-op paralytic ileus (can't poop) urinary retention treats not being able use the restroom |
|
carbachol = carbamylcholine - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
(Eye) used post-op to cause miosis (slow onset, 4-8hrs) |
|
methacholine - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
Used as provocative again in diagnosis of asthma |
|
pilocarpine - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20% dry mouth associated with Sjorgrens syndrome |
|
succinylcholine - Therapeutic uses
|
Cholinergic agonists
Induce muscle relaxation and short term paralysis |
|
cocaine - Therapeutic uses
|
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Local anesthesia in ocular and nasal surgery |
|
acetazolamide - Therapeutic uses
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
increased ionization of toxic acidic drugs leading to increased urinary excretion e.g. Aspirin (salicyclic acid) removal |
|
ammonium chloride - Therapeutic uses
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
increased ionization of toxic basic drugs leading to increased urinary excretion e.g. Ecstacy("E","X"), Amphetamine removal |
|
glycopyrrolate - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
used to decrease production of saliva/pulmonary secretions perioperative: counteract bradycardia caused by ocular pressure, visceral traction, carotid sinus stimulation |
|
ipratropium - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - quaternary
Asthma and COPD |
|
atropine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
perioperative: counteract bradycardia caused by ocular pressure, visceral traction, carotid sinus stimulation Tx of OP poisoning Determination of refractive error used to decrease production of saliva/pulmonary secretions reversal of digoxin-induced AV block reversal of bradycardia in children leads to increase CO Can be used for Parkinsons |
|
benztropine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Treatment of Parkinson |
|
cyclopentolate - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
determination of refractive error of the lens DOC for this! Because short duration of action |
|
darifenacin - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB) |
|
dicyclomine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
prevent bowel spasms and decrease pain associated with IBS |
|
diphenhydramine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Anti-histamine |
|
hyoscyamine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
prevent bowel spasms and decrease pain associated with IBS |
|
oxybutynin - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB) |
|
scopolamine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
tranquilize patients and induce amnesia reversal of neuromuscular blockade caused by drugs like d-tubocurarine (blocks unwanted upregulation in parasympathetic response) Motion sickness: excessive muscarinic R stimulation in vestibular nuclei and reticular formation determination of refractive error |
|
solifenacin - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB) |
|
tolterodine - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Urge incontinence (OAB) |
|
trihexyphenidyl - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Treatment of Parkinson |
|
tropicamide - Therapeutic uses
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
examination of retina and optic disk DOC for fundoscopic exam! Short duration of action |
|
mecamylamine - Therapeutic uses
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
Control of autonomic hyperreflexia (hypertension, bradycardia (second to hypertension, baroreflex) , sweating, piloerection) Out of control sympathetic nerve activity prevents paroxysmal increases in sympathetic activity |
|
trimethaphan - Therapeutic uses
|
N1-receptor antagonists = ganglionic blocking drugs
to produce controlled hypotension during head and neck surgery Cause histamine release leading to vasodilation |
|
nicotine - Therapeutic uses
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
Really? |
|
succinylcholine - Therapeutic uses
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
Induce muscle relaxation and short term paralysis |
|
memantine - Therapeutic uses
|
NMDA receptor antagonist
Treatment of cognitive loss, dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons |
|
dimpylate - Therapeutic uses
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none insecticide for lawns and gardens |
|
echothiophate - Therapeutic uses
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
topical treatment for glaucoma |
|
isofluophate - Therapeutic uses
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
topical treatment for glaucoma |
|
malathion - Therapeutic uses
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none insecticide that does not harm mammals and birds (plasma carboxyesterases) |
|
parathion - Therapeutic uses
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
none insecticide that caused many accidental poisoning/death |
|
caffeine - Therapeutic uses
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Relax smooth muscle of bronchioles in asthma pts |
|
papaverine - Therapeutic uses
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Impotence |
|
sildenafil - Therapeutic uses
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
vasodilation of blood vessels (relaxation of vascular smooth muscle) treatment of impotence |
|
theophylline - Therapeutic uses
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Relieves airflow obstruction of chronic asthma |
|
alpha-methyldopa - Therapeutic uses
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
treat hypertension in adults and pregnant women (not teratogenic) Pregnant women already lack a period and are producing milk (toxicity) |
|
guanethidine - Therapeutic uses
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
to torture us on BJE drug is Guano |
|
reserpine - Therapeutic uses
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
to torture us on BJE |
|
acetazolamide - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma |
|
apraclonidine - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
prevents post-surgical ocular hypertension after laser trabeculoplasty |
|
betaxolol - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20-30% |
|
bimatoprost - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Increases length and thickness of eyelashes |
|
dorzolamide - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lowers IOP by 10-20% |
|
echothiophate - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma (topical) |
|
epinephrine - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor |
|
isofluophate (DFP) - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma (topical) |
|
latanoprost - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - Lowers IOP by 20-25% |
|
mannitol - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
treatment of acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma |
|
pilocarpine - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20% for treatment of acute angle glaucoma |
|
timolol - Therapeutic uses
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Glaucoma - lower IOP by 20-30% |
|
phentolamine - Therapeutic uses
|
treatment of impotence
Injection to treat impotence, will lead to erection Used perioperatively with a nonselective Beta blocker during manipulation of a pheochromocytoma tumor Local use to reverse ichemia and tissue necrosis caused by extravation of DA from veins |
|
pralidoxime - Therapeutic uses
|
Tx of OP poisoning
Treatment of Organo phosphate poisoning |
|
albuterol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Tremor (B2 stim) Tachycardia |
|
amphetamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Can enter CNS Insomnia Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) Psychiatric disturbances after prolonged use. |
|
dobutamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Better than Dopamine for MI patients: does not increase afterload, less tachycardia, causes venodilation excessive dose leads to tachycardia and dysrhythmias |
|
dopamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Small and Intermediate doses: little effect on heart rate Large dose: tachycardia, increased TPR, Cardiac arrythmias, Angina, Developed tolerance to inotropic effects of DA and Dobutamine (down reg of receptors) |
|
ephedrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Actute psychotic reaction increased hypertension Insomnia Cardiac arrhythmias (B) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) Tremor (B2 Stim) Rebound nasal decongestion (nasal VC) |
|
epinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cariac arrhythmias (B stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B stim) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) Pulmonary edema (from increased TPR) Tremor (B2 stim) |
|
isoproterenol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Tremor (B2 stim) Tachycardia |
|
norepinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cariac arrhythmias (B stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B stim) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) Pulmonary edema (from increased TPR) Tremor (B2 stim) |
|
oxymetazoline - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Oxymetazoline acts longer than phenylephrine Renal and mesenteric ischemia (alpha) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) rebound nasal congestion (from nasal vasocontriction) |
|
phenylephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Oxymetazoline acts longer than phenylephrine Renal and mesenteric ischemia (alpha) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) rebound nasal congestion (from nasal vasocontriction) |
|
pseudoephedrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Insomnia Cardiac arrhythmias (B) Angina in pts with CAD (B) Cerebrovascular hemorrhage (from increased BP) Tremor (B2 stimulation) Rebound nasal congestion |
|
ritodrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Tremor (B2 stim) Tachycardia |
|
salmeterol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Tremor (B2 stim) Tachycardia |
|
terbutaline - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Adrenergic agonists
Cardiac arrhythmias (B Stim) Angina in pts with CAD (B Stim) Tremor (B2 stim) Tachycardia |
|
ergotamine, dihydroergotamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Spontaneous abortion Muscle pain Parethesias Digital vasospasm Gangrene Miosis Inhibition of ejaculation Increased insulin release |
|
labetalol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis Inhibition of ejaculation |
|
phenoxybenzamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Angina Tachycardia Miosis (alpha-1 block) Inhibition of ejaculation (alpha-1 block) Increased insulin release (alpha-2) |
|
phentolamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Angina Tachycardia Miosis (alpha-1 block) Inhibition of ejaculation (alpha-1 block) Increased insulin release (alpha-2) |
|
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis Inhibition of ejaculation |
|
terazosin, doxazosin - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Miosis Inhibition of ejaculation |
|
yohimbine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
Tachycardia Tremor Slign increase in BP Restlessness Irritability Anxiety Increase insulin release (alpha-2) |
|
donepezil - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
urinary incontinence, n/v, diarrhea, muscle cramps, fatigue, bradycardia, anorexia |
|
edrophonium - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects |
|
neostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects |
|
physostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
numerous side effects CNS side effects (tertiary amine) |
|
pyridostigmine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Carbamate Achase inhibitors
No CNS effects |
|
bethanechol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Cholinergic agonists
Contraindicated for people with asthma, COPD, and Peptic Ulcers |
|
pilocarpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Cholinergic agonists
(Eye) impairs far vision, persistent miosis leads to poor night vision Contraindicated for patients with asthma, COPD, peptic ulcers, hyperthyroidism and dilated heart |
|
succinylcholine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Cholinergic agonists
People may not be able to breath if diaphragm is affected |
|
cocaine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Drugs neuronal NE uptake
Cardiac dysrhythmias MI chest pain Pulmonary Edema CVA respiratory disease seizures sudden death |
|
acetazolamide - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Drugs used to inc/dec urinary pH
Avoid giving p.o for glaucoma - headache, decreased libido, mettalic taste, kidney stones, urinary frequency |
|
atropine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
need larger doses effects all muscarinic receptors longer duration of action lots of side effects, SEE NOTES (too many to fit here) |
|
benztropine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, dry mouth |
|
darifenacin - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects dry mouth, but less than oxybutin, tolteridine, and trospoium |
|
diphenhydramine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
if given to patient taking carbamate inhibitors for cognitive loss, decreased efficacy of carbamate drugs |
|
oxybutynin - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
drowsiness, somnolence, dizziness |
|
scopolamine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
can cause anterograde amnesia which is accentuated by ethanol longer duration of action |
|
solifenacin - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
Fewer CNS effects dry mouth, but less than oxybutin, tolteridine, and trospoium |
|
tolterodine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
somnolence, dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation |
|
trihexyphenidyl - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Muscarinic receptor antagonists - tertiary
cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, dry mouth |
|
nicotine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
Very Water soluble, passes quickly from blood to brain Rapidly absorbed from buccal cavity, respiratory tract, and skin. |
|
succinylcholine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
nicotinic receptor agonists
People may not be able to breath if diaphragm is affected |
|
isofluophate - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
Last resort drug side effects include cataracts and general toxicity |
|
malathion - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
safer than parathion |
|
parathion - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Organophosphate Achase inhibitors
causes of many accidental deaths |
|
theophylline - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Seizures Possible fatal arrhythmias |
|
alpha-methyldopa - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Makes you look like an idiot- depressed CNS function, sedation, dry mouth (tongue hanging out), nasal congestion edema, orthostatic intolerance, positive Coomb |
|
guanethidine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
Orthostatic hypotension Sexual dysfunction Supersensitivity to direct-acting sympathomimetic amines Unopposed parasympathetic tone |
|
reserpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Sympatholytic drugs (decrease release of NE)
CNS: sedation, movement disorders, depression Orthostatic hypotension Sexual dysfunction- can |
|
acetazolamide - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Avoid giving p.o for glaucoma - headache, decreased libido, mettalic taste, kidney stones, urinary frequency |
|
betaxolol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Selective for B1 so little affect on bronchiolar smooth muscle (contrast with Timolol) Systemtic absorbption leads to bradycardia |
|
echothiophate - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
This is a last resort drug when all other treatments fail causes cataracts and general toxicity |
|
epinephrine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Causes mydriasis via a1 stimulation of radial muscle of iris |
|
isofluophate (DFP) - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
This is a last resort drug when all other treatments fail causes cataracts and general toxicity |
|
pilocarpine - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
(Eye) impairs far vision, persistent miosis leads to poor night vision Contraindicated for patients with asthma, COPD, peptic ulcers, hyperthyroidism and dilated heart |
|
timolol - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Treatment of glaucoma
Systemtic absorbption leads to bradycardia and bronchoconstrictions (contrast with Betaxolol) |
|
pralidoxime - Adverse effects/toxicity
|
Tx of OP poisoning
Does not enter CNS (Quarternery) |