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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Alpha cells in the pancreas

Produce glucagon
Beta cells in the pancreas
Produce insulin
Beta cells are found
Islets of Langerhans
Delta cells in the pancreas
Produce Somatostatin
Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse
C-peptide
Exogenous insulin
Little C-peptide
Endogenous insulin
Normal C-peptide
Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action
Lispro (Humalog)
Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia
Regular (Humulin R)
Long acting insulin
Ultralente (humulin U)
Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action
Glargine (Lantus)
Major SE of insulin
Hypoglycemia
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver
GLUT 2
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation
GLUT 4
Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)
Acarbose, miglitol
MOA of AGI's
Act on intestine, delay digestion and absorption of glucose formed from digestion of starch and disacchrides
SE of AGI's
Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's
Acarbose
Amino acid derivative
Nateglinide
MOA of nateglinide
Insulin secretagogue - closes ATP-sensitive K+ channel
Biguanide
Metformin
Drugs available in combination with metformin
Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone
MOA of metformin
Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity
Most important potential SE of metformin
Lactic acidosis
Meglitinide
Repaglinide
MOA of repaglinide
Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea
First generation sulfonylurea
Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.
Second generation sulfonylurea
Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.
MOA of both generations
Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels
Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide
Hypoglycemia
Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life
Chlorpropamide
Thiazolidinediones
Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)
Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market
Hepatic toxicity
MOA of thiazolindinediones
Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism
SE of Thiazolindinediones
Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CYP 450 3A4 metabolism
Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation
Glucagon
Vascular effects of metformin
Decreased micro and macro vascular disease
Incidence of hyoglycemia with metformin
None
Rapid acting insulins that do not self-aggregate
lispro insulin, aspart insulin, glulisine insulin
Peakless ling acting insulin
Insulin glargine