Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some mechanisms for drugs to affect neurotransmission?
|
-effect break down of nt in synaptic cleft
-post-synaptic receptor ∆s (↑/↓ regulate or ∆ affinity -alter re-uptake -∆ amount of nt releases -∆ amount of nt synthesized -∆ storage of nt (not allow) -∆ presynaptic membrane potential -membrane effects -presynaptic autoreceptors (-fb loop) |
|
|
What is the definition of a seizure?
|
an episode of sudden, transient disturbances in cerebral excitation (over excitation)
|
|
|
when do seizures occur (neurophysiologically)?
|
when a sufficient # of neurons begin to fire rapidly & in synchronized bursts
|
|
|
What is the goal of drug therapy in epilepsy?
how is this done? |
inhibit firing of cerebral neurons
1. ↑ inhibitory effects of GABBA 2. ↓ effects of excititory nt's such as glutamate 3. alter Na & Ca mov't across neuronal membranes |
|
|
What is the difference b/w partial and generalized seizures?
|
partial only part of brain is involved
|
|
|
what is an absences seizure?
|
sudden, brief LOC, may or may not have motor signs
|
|
|
what type of seizure involves muscle contraction in part of body and may or may not involve LOC
|
myoclonic
|
|
|
what do clonic, tonic, and clonic-tonic seizures all involve?
|
muscle contraction throughout body & LOC
|
|
|
what is a series of seizures s recovery of consciousness b/w attacks called?
|
Status epilepticus
|
|
|
What is the indication/use of Barbituates?
main SEs? |
drug of choice for controlling seizures in infants, may be used in adults (particularly for hard-to-control seizures)
sedation, drowsiness |
|
|
what type of drug is phenobarbital (solfoton)?
What is its mechanism? |
Barbiturate
↑ Gabba & its inhibitory effect may block Na channels may block glutamate |
|
|
Which types of drugs treat status epilepticus?
what are their SEs/ adverse effects? |
Benzodiazepines
sedation, behavioral ∆ tend to lead to tolerance/dependance |
|
|
What are two examples Benzodiazepines used acutely and 1 used long term?
|
acute: diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
long term: clonazepam (Klonopin) |
|
|
What is its mechanism of Benzodiazepines?
|
↑ Gabba's inhibitory effect
|
|
|
What seizure meds can also be used to treat bipolar d/o?
|
carboxylic acids
"I'm bi-winning...i win here and i win there" |
|
|
what is an example of a carboxylic acid?
what is it's MOA? |
Valproic acid (Depakote)
Nobody f'ing knows! |
|
|
what are the side effects of Valproic acid (Depakote)?
|
GI distress + more
|
|
|
Which seizure drug is sedation NOT a SE?
|
Iminostilbenes
ex carbamazepine (Tegretol) |
|
|
What are the primary indications for Iminostilbenes and hydantonis?
MOA? |
tonic-clonic or partial seizures
stabilize neuronal membrane |
|
|
what is an example of Iminostilbenes?
SEs? |
carbamazepine (Tegretol)
dizziness, water retention, anemia |
|
|
what is an example of a hydantoin?
SEs? |
phyenytoin (Dilantin)
include confusion & ataxia |
|
|
what drugs Tx absence seizures?
what is an example of one? |
Succinimides
ethosuximide (Zarontin) |
|
|
What is the MOA of succinimides?
Primary SE? |
reduce Ca currents, which limits spontaneous firing
GI distress |
|
|
What is a second-generation seizure med?
what type of seizure does it Tx? |
gabapentin (Neurontin)
partial seizures |
|
|
What are the SEs of gabapentin (Neurontin)?
MOA |
sedation, ataxia, dizziness
??, may increase GABA release |
|
|
What was Neurontin origionally plannned to be?
What else does it Tx? |
spasmolytic
neuropathic pain |
|
|
What are the main SEs to watch out for in pt's taking anti-seizure meds?
|
sedation
ataxia GI disturbances behavior changes |
|
|
What is the imbalance caused by PD?
|
↓dopamine
↑ ACh |
|
|
What is the primary drug Tx for PD?
|
Levodopa
|
|
|
what are the pros and cons of lovedopa?
|
pro:very effective in improving PD symptoms for those who respond
con: prolonged use is associated with ↑ SE |
|
|
what is the MOA of lovedopa?
|
immediate precursor to dopamine which is able to cross BBB
|
|
|
What is Sinemet or Sinemet CR?
|
levodopa + carbadopa
|
|
|
what is an example of peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor?
|
carbadopa
|
|
|
What are the SEs of Lovedopa?
|
GI
Cardiovascular (precaution c CVD) (OH) Dyskinesias Behavior changes fluctuations in response (on-off phenomenon) |
|
|
What SE of lovedopa is more of a problem when given s carbodopa?
what ab c carbodopa? |
s: GI
c: mental changes (not used in pt c psychoses) |
