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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The heart is a four chambered pulsatile that pumps how many liters per minute?
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4-6
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This ventricle goes through the pulmonary?
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Right
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An interruption in efficient ventricular muslce contraction (systole) produces what? (2 things)
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1. Transient Ischemia (angina)
2. Irreversible damage (infarction) |
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Any abnormality in impulse formation or conduction is termed?
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Dysrhythmia (arrhythmia)
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The ability of selected cells to spontaneously generate and AP
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Automaticity
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What is the highest degree of automaticity?
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SA node
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The automacity of other fibers that exceeds that of the SA node. It is typically located in the AV node and the Purkinje fibers
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Ectopic Foci
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This the time time between initiation of AP and recovery?
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Effective refractory period (ERP)
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Cardiac output is = to what x what?
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Stroke Volume(SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
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In Congestive heart failure (CHF), when the body mechanisms compensate, there is then a (increase/decrease) in adrenergic and a (incrase/decrease) in cholinergic activity.
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increase
decrease |
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In CHF, kidneys increase in what two things?
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sodium and water retention
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If failure continues, Edema is then present. What happens when the left and the right fail respectively?
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Left: Lung congestion, shortness of breath
Right: swollen ankles, weight gain |
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In CHF was is release from the kidneys?
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Renin (enzyme)
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1. Vasoconstriction (incrase BP)
2. Aldosterone released, increase sodium water retention CO 3. Structural changes in the heart and blood vessels ....all are related to what? |
An increase in Angiotensin
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What is the main cardiotonic drug?
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Digitalis glycosides (digoxin)
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What is the role of "Diuretics"?
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1. May be needd to mobilize excess fluids
2. Incrase kidney output of sodium and water 3. Help relieve edema and congestion quickly |
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What are the role of "Vasodialators" in CHF?
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1. Relax arterioles and decrease workload of the heart
2. Relax veins to decrese VR and relieve pulmonary congestion |
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What are the role of beta blockers?
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1. Decrease HR, SV and blood pressure
2. Decrease renin release from the kidneys |
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Which drug inhibits NA / K + ATPase?
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Digoxin (Lanoxin)
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What is the result of digoxin binding and inhibition?
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1. Na+ accumulates inside the cell
2. Increased NA+ increases calcium availability for contraction --> incrase CO |
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What are the Cardiac effects of Digoxin?
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1. Increase strength of contraction
2. Decrased AP conduction velocity in AV node 3. Increases automaticity in Purkinje Fibers 4. Bradycardia |
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The toxicity of Digoxin is (low/high)?
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Low
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The lower the concentration of K, the (more/less) likely for digoxin to bind to ATPase
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more
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What are the beneficial effects for CHF?
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1. Reversal of compensaotry mechanisms
2. Efficient cardiac performance prevents venous backup and pulmonary congestion 3. Maintain blood levels between 0.8 and 1.2 ng/ml 4. Effect for patients with atrial dysrhythmias and CHF |
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What drug depletes K+ and will incrase digoxin toxicity?
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Diuretics
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