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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Action potential
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Electrical activity consisting of a self-propagating series of polarizations and depolarizations that travel across the cell membrane of a nerve fiber during the transmission of a nerve impulse and across the cell membranes of a muscle cell during contraction or other activity of the cell.
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Action potential duration (APD)
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For a cell membrane, the interval beginning with baseline (resting) membrane potential followed by depolarization and ending with repolarization to baseline membrane potential.
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Done
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Done
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Arrhythmia
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Technically "no rhythm", meaning absence of heart beat rhythm (i.e., no heart beat at all). More commonly used in clinical practice to refer to any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. A synonymous term is dysrhythmia, which is the primary term used in our Pharm book.
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Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)
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The name of the major research study conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to investigate the possibility of eliminating sudden cardiac death in patients with asymptomatic, non-life-threatening ectopy that has arisen after a myocardial infarction.
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Myocardial Infaction (MI)
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necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by an obstruction in a coronary artery through either atherosclerosis, a thrombus or a spasm.
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ectopy
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a condition in which an organ or substance is not in its natural or proper place, such as an ectopic pregnancy that develops outside the uterus or an ectopic heartbeat.
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Depolarization
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The movement of positive and negative ions on either side of a cell membrane across the membrane in a direction that tends to bring the net charge to zero.
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Dysrhythmia
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Any disturbance or abnormality in the rhythm of the heartbeat.
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Effective refractory period (ERP)
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The period after the firing of an impulse during which a cell may respond to a stimulus but the response will not be passed along or continued as another impulse.
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Internodal pathways are also known as ...
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Bachmann's bundle
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Internodal pathways (Bachmann's bundle)
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Special pathways in the atria that carry electrical impulses spontaneously generated by the sinoatrial node. These impulses cause the heart to beat.
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Relative refractory period (RRP)
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The time after generation of an action potential during which a nerve fiber will show a (reduced) response only to a stron stimulus.
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RRP
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Relative Refractory Period
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ERP
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Effective Refractory Period
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APD
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Action Potential Duration
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RMP
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Resting membrane Potential
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ATPase
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Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase
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TP
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Threshold potential
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Resting membrane potential (RMP)
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The transmembrane voltage that exists when the cell membranes of heart muscle (or other muscle or nerve cells) are at rest.
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Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase
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A mechanism for transporting sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against an opposing concentration gradient. Energy for this transport is obtained from the hydrolysis of sdenosine triphosphate (ATP) by means of the enzyme ATPase.
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Sudden cardiac death
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Unexpected, fatal cardiac arrest.
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Threshold potential (TP)
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The critical state of electrical tension required for spontaneous depolarization of a cell membrane.
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Vaughan Williams classification
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The system most commonly used to classify antidysrhythmic drugs.
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α₁-Blockers
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Drugs that primarily cause arterial and venous dilation through their action on peripheral sympathetic neurons.
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Antihypertensive drugs
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Medications used to treat hypertension.
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Cardiac output
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The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle, measured in liters per minute.
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Centrally acting adrenergic drugs
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Drugs that modify the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the brain by stimulating α₂receptors, which has a reverse sympathetic effect that causes decreased blood pressure.
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Essential hypertension
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Elebated systemic arterial pressure for which no cause can be found and which is often the only significant clinical finding; also called PRIMARY or IDIOPATHIC HYPERTENSION.
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Ganglionic blocking drugs
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Drugs that prevent nerves from responding to the action of acetylcholine by occupying the receptor sites for acetylcholine (ie, nicotinic receptors) on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve endings.
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Hypertension
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A common, often asymptomatic disorder in which blood pressure persistently exceeds 140/90 mm Hg.
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Nicotinic receptor
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The receptor and site of action for acetylcholine in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Nicotinic receptors are located at the junction of the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of both of these systems.
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Orthostatic hypotension
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A common adverse effect of adrenergic drugs involving a suden drop in blood pressure when a person changes position, especially when rising from a seated or horizontal position.
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Prodrug
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A drug that is inactive in its administered form and must be biotransformed in the liver to its active form.
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Secondary hypertension
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High blood pressure associated with a primary disease such as renal, pulmonary, endocrine, or vascular disease.
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Afferent arterioles
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The small blood vessels approaching the glomerulus (proximal part of nephron).
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Aldosterone
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A mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates the actions of the renal tubule in the regulation of sodium and potassium balance in the blood.
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Ascites
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An abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of fluid (defined as a volume of 500 mL or greater) containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes.
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Collecting duct
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The most distal part of the nephron between the distal convoluted tuble and the ureters, which lead to the urinary bladder.
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Distal convoluted tubule
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The part of the nephron immediately distal to the ascending loop of Henle and proximal to the collecting duct.
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Diuretics
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Drugs or other substances that tend to promote the formation and excretion of urine.
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Efferent arterioles
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The small blood vessels exiting the glomerulus. At this point blood has completed its filtration in the glomerulus.
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Filtrate
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The material that passes through a filter. In the case of the kidney, the filter is the glomerulus and the filtrate is the extracted material from the blood (normally liquid) that ultimately becomes urine.
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Glomerular capsule
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The open, rounded, and most proximal part of the proximal convoluted tubule that surrounds the glomerulus and receives the filtrate from the blood.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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The volume of ultrafiltrate extracted per unit of time from the plasma flowing through the glomeruli of the kidney.
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GFR
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Glomerular filtration rate
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Glomerulus
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The cluster of kidney capillaries that marks the beginning of the nephron and is immediately proximal to the proximal convoluted tubule.
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Loop of Henle
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The part of the nephron between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
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Nephron
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The microscopic functional filtration unit of the kidney, consisting of (in anatomical order from proximal to distal) the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, which empties urine into the ureters.
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Open-angle glaucoma
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A condition in which pressure is eleated in the eye because of obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor but access to the trabecular meshwork remains open.
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Proximal convoluted (twisted) tubule
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The part of the nephron that is immedately distal to the glomerulus and proximal to the loop of Henle.
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Ultrafiltration
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Filtration at a MICROSCOPIC level; the term is often used to describe the filtration function of the kidneys, with the filtrate referred to more specifically as ULTRAFILTRATE.
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Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney?
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approximately 1 million nephrons in each kidney
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