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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hyperosmolal state - 2 types
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hyperglycemia
hypernatremia |
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hyperglycemia
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occurs in patients with DM
loss of water from cells loss of total body water - glycouria |
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hypernatremia
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high level of Na
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hypoosmolal state
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*to much H2O in cells
hyponatremia (low Na) |
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water deficit - description
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decrease volume of ECF & ICF
increase solute concentration ADH released causing some water conservation |
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water deficit - etiologies
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reduced intake
unusual losses (GI, diuretics, kidney disorders) |
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water excess - description
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expansion of ECF & ICF
decrease solute concentration reduced ADH |
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water excess - etiologies
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decreased excretion of water
excessive renal Na & water retention SIADH |
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sodium homeostasis
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predominant ECF cation
est osmotic pressure relationship |
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hypernatremia
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deficit of water rel to Na
-water loss thats not replaced -water loss exceding Na loss (fever, burns,diahrrea) -high NaCl ingestion |
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hypervolemic hyponatremia
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excess body water relative to Na
decr blood volume w/ decr renal perfusion caused by CHF, cirrhosis, nephrosis |
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hypovolemic hyponatremia
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total body depletion of Na caused by excessive use of diuretics, chronic renal disease, mineralocorticoid deficiency
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mineralocorticoid
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a class of steroids characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism
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euvolemic hyponatremia
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normal ECF volume commonly caused by SIADH
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potassium homeostasis
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body stores - 45-55mEq/kg
major IC cation involved in muscle contration, nerve impulse,enzymes,& cell membranes |
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hyperkalemia
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diminished excretion
increased K+ supply endocrine diseases metabolic acidosis cell lysis |
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drugs that cause hyperkalemia
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K-Dur, NSAIDs
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hypokalemia
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poor intake
reduced absorption increased loss (GI, renal, skin) licorise abuse |
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drugs that cause hypokalemia
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corticosteroids
amphotericin B |
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calcium homeostasis
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present in ECF
complexed to bicarb,protein bound, or ionized effect on cell membrane potential/permeability, muscle contraction |
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parathyroid hormone
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released in response to low ionized Ca
incr absorption from intestine & renal |
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calcitonin
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opposes PTH
from C cells of thyroid released in response to high Ca level inhibits osteoclasts (breaks down bones) |
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hypercalcemia - etiologies
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incr intake or absorption
endocrine disease neoplastic disorder (cancer) |
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drugs that cause hypercalcemia
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tums
lithium |
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hypocalcemia - etiologies
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decr intake or absorption
incr loss (vomiting, diahrrea) endocrine disease |
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endocrine
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glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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drugs that cause hypocalcemia
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glucocordicoids
loop diuretics |
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magnesium homeostasis
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2/3 free cation
excreted via kidney involved with enzymes that transfer phosphates alteration in Mg usually provokes alteration in Ca |
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hypermagnesemia -etiologies
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renal insufficiency
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hypomagnesemia - etiologies
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diminished absorption or intake
increased loss usually seen in alcoholics |
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phosphorus homeostasis
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80% in bones
integral in eneergy transfer & metabolism urinary buffer |
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hypophospatemia - etiologies
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incr renal exrcretion
catabolic states / tissue destruction IC shifting |
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hyperphosphatemia - etiologies
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decr renal excretion
shift from IC to EC incr intake of vit D or phosphate laundry detergent ingestion |
