• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/50

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Somatic Nervous System
Role
Movement/motion/ambulation
Control
voluntary
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Autonomic Nervous System
Role
Regulation of the heart, exocrine glands and smooth muscles, respiratory system, GI, Bladder and eyes
Control
involuntary
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine(Ach)
Norepinephrine(NE)
Neurons: Afferent: sends impulses to CNS
Efferent: receives impulses from the brain and sends those impulses to the effected organ, which is divided into 2 branches-sympathetic/parasympathetic
ANS composed of :
Sympathetic Nervous System
(Adrenergic System)

-Parasympathetic Nervous System
(Cholinergic system)
These two systems function as opposites to balance each other in the body.
Think of the sympathetic nervous system as the
“fight or flight” system

-Think of the as the parasympathetic nervous system
“rest and digest” system
**Sympathetic Nervous System
(Adrenergic system)
Neurotransmitter: norepinephrine

-receptors: Alpha1 and Alpha 2
Beta 1 and Beta 2
Drugs that mimic the effect of norepinephrine
-sympathomimetics
adrenergic agonists
Drugs that block the effects of norepinephrine
-sympatholytics
-adrenergic blockers
-adrenergic antagonists
** Parasympathetic Nervous System
(cholinergic system)
-neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

-receptors: nicotinic (neuromuscular)

muscarinic (smooth muscle/heart
Drugs that mimic acetylcholine
-parasympathetics
-cholinergic agonists
-cholinergic drugs
Drugs that block acetylcholine
parasympatholytics
-anticholinergics
-cholinergic antagonists
Parasympathetic effects:
heart: decreases
bronchi: constricts
GI : increases
GU: increases
eye: miosis (constricts)
rectum: defacation
sympathetic effects:
heart: increases
bronchi: dilates
GI: decreases
GU: retention
eye: mydrasis: dilates
rectum: constipates
Physiologic effects of Adrenergics at
specific Receptors
ALPHA 1
increases force of heart contraction, vasoconstriction
increases blood pressure, dilates pupils, salivary glands decrease
secretion, prostate capsule increases contraction
Physiologic effects of Adrenergics at
specific Receptors:
ALPHA 2
dilates blood vessels, produces hypotension, decreases GI
motility and tone
Physiologic effects of Adrenergics at
specific Receptors:
BETA 1
mainly cardiac) increase heart rate and force of contraction
Physiologic effects of Adrenergics at
specific Receptors:
BETA 2
mainly pulmonary) bronchioles dilate, blood flow increases to
skeletal muscles, GI and bladder relaxation, increase glucose
production
Epinephrine
Adernergic Agonist
*act like receptor
Acts on more than one receptor (nonselective)
Alpha1, increases the blood pressure
Beta1, increases heart rate (tachycardia)
Beta2, promotes bronchodilation
Epinephrine Uses:
Anaphylaxis, Shock, Cardiac Arrest
Epinephrine s/e
N/V, nervousness, tremors,
agitation, headache, pallor, dizziness,
Epinephrine Adverse Rx: Contraindications
adv. rx: tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary edema, palpitations, dyspnea
Contraindications: Cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension,
Hyperthyroidisms, pregnancy
This drug acts rapidly and is given in emergency situations. It may be given IV, SC, or inhaled (not po)
Adrenergic Agonists: Albuterol
inhaled beta 2 agonists used to treat bronchospasm/asthma
Albuterol MOA
stimulates beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relax bronchial smooth muscle
other Adrenergic Agonists:
Dopamine (Beta 1 agonist)
IV used in cc to increase BP
other Adrenergic Agonists:
Isuprel: beta 1 & 2 agonist
used to increase CO in CHF
dilates bronchial tubes in asthma
Adrenergic Antagonists:
BLOCK the effects of the SNS
*makes rest/digest effects*
alpha adrenergic blockers
beta adrenergic blockers
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
promote vasodilateion, relaxes smooth muscles in bladder & prostate, constricts pupils
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers TX
HTN, Raynaud's (circulation problem,vessel spasms),
prostate enlargement BPH
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers s/e
orthostatic hypotension, *reflex tachycardia (body's response to orthostatic hypotension)
dizziness, flushing, HA, edema
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
Nursing
change position slowly, VS, safety, I & O
Examples: Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
azosin
prazosin (Minipress)
doxazosin (Cardura)
terazosin (Hytrin)
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
(betablockers)

1 heart, 2 lungs
Beta 1 : decrease heart rate, decrease force of cardiac output
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
(betablockers)
Beta 2: constricts bronicholes, inhibits glycogenolysis which decreases BS
*caution w/ diabetics, asthma, COPD
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
Therapeutic Uses: treatment of hypertension, tachycardia,
Angina, MI
S/e:Fatigue,dizziness, Nausea, cool extremities, leg pain
adverse rx: bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycermia,
agranulocytosis, exacerbation of asthma/COPD, dysrythmia, pulmonary
Edema, heart failure
Ex: of Beta Blockers:
olol
nonselective: Propranolol (inderal)
beta1/beta2

more potential resp. effects
b/c they bind to 2 constrict airway
Ex: of Beta Blockers:
olol
selective:
Atenolol - tenormin
beta 1 selective

Metoprolol - lopressor
beta 1 selective

less resp. s/e
CHOLINERGICS AND ANTICHOLINERGICS
Cholinergic drugs mimic
the action of acetylcholine

Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine
Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics
Cholinergic neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Cholinergic receptors
Muscarinic receptors
Stimulate smooth muscle
Nicotinic receptors
Stimulate skeletal muscle
Direct Acting Cholinergic Drug
Act on muscarinic receptors (smooth muscle)
Decrease heart rate, lower BP, increase
peristalsis,stimulate urination, constrict pupils,
increase salivation and tears, stimulates bronchial
contraction
Direct Acting Cholinergic
s/e
excessive salivation, increased secretion of gastric acid, bronchoconstriction, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, N/V, sweating, urinary frequency, blurred vision
Direct Acting Cholinergic
adv.
Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, Asthma attack, heart block and cardiac arrest
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Drugs
They are used to increase muscle tone for
clients with the neuromuscular disorder
Myasthenia Gravis. They can also be used
to treat glaucoma and Alzheimer’s disease
Indirect- Acting
inactivates aChe, to increase amount of ACh
Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
Functions
Dry up secretions and increase heart rate
Decrease tremors and rigidity of muscles
Relaxes GI tone, motility and decrease secretions
Anticholingerics
s/e
Side effects/adverse reactions
Tachycardia, dry mouth, abdominal distention, palpitations, nasal congestion, photophobia, blurred vision, flushing, urinary retention,
constipation
Anticholingerics - used to treat
Used to treat IBS, Peptic ulcers, Mydriasis, Parkinsons, COPD, Overactive bladder
atropine
emergency drug
Action: acetylcholine inhibitor, increases heart rate, decreases secretions
Used preoperatively (decrease secretions, lower chance of pneumonia)
atropine
contraindications
glaucome (pupil dilation), MI *stresses heart)
Antiparkinsonism-Anticholinergic Drugs
Selected anticholinergic drugs for treating parkinsonism or pseudoparkinsonism because of phenothiazines, etc.
pseudoparkinsonism
occurs because of metal illness drugs
tx: like parkinsons
anticholinergics for treating motion sickness
Scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop)
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

Side effects: dry mouth, visual changes, constipation,hallucinations
Tachycardia, urinary retention, hypotension