• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/46

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are misues of antimicrobial drugs?
Attempted treatment of untreatable infection, treatment of fever of unknown origin, improper dosage etc.
What are examples of antimetabolites?
Trimethroprim and the sulfomides.
What is conjugation?
A process by which extra chromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another.

What drug levels are desirable?
Drug levels 4 to 8 times the MIC.





Why should we avoid use of antibiotics in people who don't need it?
Because it causes normal flora to overgrow and become resistance and then they can transfer that resistance to pathogens.





What are the three methods we test for drug susceptibility?
Disk diffusion, serial dilution or gradient diffusion.

What are the 3 factors we have to consider when selecting an antibiotic?

Idenitty of the infecting organism, drug sensitivity of the infecting organism, host factors such as site of infection and status of host defenses.

What are the 12 steps to delaying emergence of drug resistance?
Vaccinate, get catheters out, target the pathogen, acess the expers, practice antimicrobial control, use local data, treat infection, not contamination, treat infection, not colonization, know when to say "no" to vanco, stop treatment when infection is cured or unlikely, isolate the pathogen, and break the chain of contagion.

Which drugs cause non lethal inhibition of protein synthesis

Tetracyclines.

What is the desirable dosing when using an antibiotic?

It should be adjusted to produce drug concentrations that re equal to or greater than the MIC for the infection being treated.

What are nursing considerations for antimicrobial therapy?

Monitor clinical responses and lab results; frequency of monitoring should increase with severity of infection, look for reduction of fever, decrease in signs and symptoms, and keep an eye on serum drug levels for toxicity.


How do Antibiotics promote resistance?
If a drug resistant organism is there, antibiotics will create selection pressure favoring its growth, by killing off sensitive organism the drug will eliminate the toxins they produce and will facilitate survival of the drug resistant microbe ( very survival of the fittest).

What are 3 reasons a drug (antibiotic) may not be used?

Because of allergies, inability to penetrate the site of infection, and patient variables.

What 2 age groups are highly vulnerable to drug toxicity?

Infants and elderly.

What are antimetabolites?

They are drugs that disrupt specific biochemical reactions resulting in a decrease in synthesis of essential cell stuff or synthesis of nonfunctional analogs of normal metabolites.


Why do nosomial infections play a role in antibiotics?
Because nosomial infections aka HAI's use a lot of antibiotics which produces a lot of resistant organism and they are a leading cause of death for people.

What does the term prophylactic use of antimicrobials mean?

Agents given to prevent infection rather than to treat an established infection.

What is empiric therapy?

Antibiotic therapy for patients before the organism is positively identified

What is the most simplest technique for identifying microorganisms?


Gram stained preparation.

True or false? Do we use antibiotics in pregnant or lactating women.

False.

What should you teach patients about antibiotics?

Finish prescription entirely, do not discontinue prematurely.

Which antibiotics promote resistance?
All of them but broad spectrum kills off a lot of competing organisms.





Which drugs inhibit bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA or disrupt DNA function?
Rifampin, metronidazole, and flouriquionoles eg ciprofloxacin.

What does it mean when an organism has developed resistance?

t means that the organism was once responsive( sensitive) to a drug now has become less responsive(sensitive to a drug.

Which drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis or activate enzymes that disrupt the cell wall?

Penicillins and cephalosporins
What are 3 ways selective toxicity is achieved?
Disruption of the Bacterial cell wall, inhibition of an enzyme unique to bacteria, and disruption of bacterial protein synthesis.

What is an antimicrobial agent?


Any agent that has the ability to kill or suppress microorganisms.

What is selective toxicity

The ability of a drug to injure a target cell without injuring other organisms in the body.

What is the first rule of antimicrobial therapy?

Match the drug with the bug.

What mechanisms are acquired by microbes for resistance?

Spontaneous mutation and conjugation

What are antimicrobials?

They are used to treat infectious diseases.
What is a superinfection?

An example of emerging drug resistance, its when a new infection appears during the course of treatment of another (primary infection).

What is spontaneous mutation?

spontaneous mutations produce random changes in microbes DA which results in increase in resistance.

What 2 factors make up host defenses?

The immune system and phagocytic cells.

Where should the antibiotic be at to do perform its therapeutic effect?

At the site of infection in a concentration great than the MIC.

Which drugs increase cell membrane permeability?

Amphotericin B.
True or false: Use of antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug resistant microbes?

True.

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

Bactericidal is lethal and bacteriostatic is non lethal- they only slow microbial growth.

True or False: Drugs simply make conditions favorable for overgrowth of microbes that have acquired mechanisms for resistance?

True.

What are the two classifications we use to classify antimicrobial drugs ?
Classifcation by susceptible organism and classification by MOA.

Does the amount of antibiotic use influence the emergence of resistance?

Yes it does, the more antibiotic the faster drug resistant organisms will emerge, and the more overgrowth of normal flora there will be.

What are the three antimicrobial effects of antibiotic combinations?
Additive, potentiative, and antagonistic.

Which drugs cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis?



Aminoglycosides.
What are indications that antibiotic combos should be used?
Mixed infections, prevention of resistance, decreased toxicity, and enhanced bacterial action.
What is an antibiotic?

A chemical that targets is produced by one microbe and ahs the ability to harm other microbes.

What are the 4 mechanisms the organisms use for resisting drugs?
Decrease the concentration of a drug at its site of action, alter the structure of drug target molecules, produce a drug antagonist, and cause drug inactivation.