Pharm

Front 1

acetylcholine

Back 1

cholinergic agent, muscarinic agonist. Endogenous NT for muscarinic and nicotinic receptor. Not used in therapy/ short half life.

Front 2

pilocarpine

Back 2

cholinergic agent, muscarinic agonist used in glaucoma. contracts ciliary muscle to improve drainage

Front 3

bethanechol

Back 3

cholinergic agent, selective muscarinic agonist, Used in UB atony.

Front 4

effects of muscarinic agonists

Back 4

non-vascular smooth muscle: contraction increases GI motility, contract bladder, contract bronchial smooth muscle, contract smooth muscles in eye. stimulate exocrine glands. slows heart and decreasts CO.

Front 5

atropine

Back 5

prototypical muscarinic antagonist, crosses BBB so causes CNS effects.

Front 6

glycopyrrolate

Back 6

muscarinic antagonist, longer acting than atropine, no CNS action.

Front 7

tropicamide

Back 7

muscarinic antagonist used exclusively in the eye. cycloplegic, mydriatic, large pupil, muscle paralysis

Front 8

nicotine

Back 8

neuronal nicotinic agonists, agent for which these. acts peripherally and centrally.

Front 9

muscarinic antagonists

Back 9

visceral smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, urinary tract relaxation, reduce vagal tone on heart

Front 10

atracurium

Back 10

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, competitive receptor antagonists. shortest acting

Front 11

pancuronium

Back 11

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, longer acting. Minimal histamine release. Has some muscarinic/ganglionic block and sympathetic activation.

Front 12

succinylcholine

Back 12

depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. Short acting. Drawbacks include muscarinic action and initial painful muscle contraction. Rarely used.

Front 13

physostigmine

Back 13

cholinesterase inhibitor, crosses the BBB. see SLUD, brochoconstriction, bradycardia, hypotension. can lead to prolonged muscle contraction.

Front 14

neostigmine

Back 14

cholinesterase inhibitor that does not cross BBB. can test for myasthenia gravis.

Front 15

edrophonium

Back 15

short acting cholinesterase inhibitor used for diagnostics.

Front 16

demecarium

Back 16

long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma. improves fluid drainage by contracting the ciliary muscle

Front 17

carbamate-type AChE inhibitors

Back 17

reversible action. used in insecticides.

Front 18

organophophate-type AChE

Back 18

irreversible action, used in insecticides.

Front 19

pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Back 19

phosphate scavenger used to reverse organophosphate-type insecticides, only if used within 24 hours.

Front 20

Beta 1 action

Back 20

positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart

Front 21

Beta 2 action

Back 21

relax coronary and skeletal arteries, decrease in peripheral resistance

Front 22

Alpha 1 action

Back 22

constrict arteries to skin and viscera, increase peripheral resistance

Front 23

Epinephrine

Back 23

non-selective (alpha and beta) agonist, endogenous compound coming from adrenal medulla, short acting Eye: decrease fluid formation, decrease cAMP in ciliary epithelium/vasoconstriciton of blood vessels

Front 24

norepinephrine

Back 24

actions on alpha and beta 1, endogenous transmitter release from neurons, short acting. increases diastolic and systolic pressure.

Front 25

dopamine

Back 25

acts on dopaminereceptors and beta 1 receptors. mostly known for CNS actions. Cardiac stimulant, dopamine induces vasodilation. Short acting does not cross BBB.

Front 26

isoproterenol

Back 26

short-acting beta agonist, decrease in peripheral resistance and increase in heart rate and force of contraction. used with av block and as bronchodilator

Front 27

dobutamine

Back 27

mixed beta and alpha effects. beta 1 agonist. can be alpha agonist/antagonist. used as cardiac stuimulant, short acting.

Front 28

terbutaline

Back 28

beta 2 selective agonist used for bronchodilation

Front 29

clenbuterol

Back 29

selective beta 2 agonist in horses. NO FDA animals.

Front 30

phenylephrine

Back 30

direct acting alpha agonist. used to constrict arterioles as nasal decongestant. Mydriatic agent in eyes, alters mydriasis produced by tropicamide and causes vasoconstriction

Front 31

xylazine

Back 31

dicrect alpha 2 agonist, CNS site of action, used as an anesthetic, can cause hypotension due to decrease symphathetic outflow

Front 32

phenylpropanolamine

Back 32

indirect adrenergic causes release of NE from nerve terminals to activat alpha and beta receptors. used in UB incompetence.

Front 33

phenoxybenzamine

Back 33

adrenergic antagonist, irreversible block of alpha receptors, used to relax urethral sphincter, laminitis, and hypertension with pheochromocytoma.

Front 34

prazosin

Back 34

reversible alpha 1 blocker to reduce hypertension. use with orthostatic hypotension

Front 35

yohimbine

Back 35

selective alpha 2 blocker, used to reverse xylazine action

Front 36

propanolol

Back 36

non-selective beta blocker, used to control hypertension and as an antiarrhythmic.

Front 37

sotalol

Back 37

non-selective beta blocker with some potassium channel blocking action. would not give to asthmatics or COPD.

Front 38

timolol

Back 38

non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma, decreases fluid formation through direct action on ciliary epithelium, best for cats. careful if resp or heart disease.

Front 39

atenolol

Back 39

beta 1 blocker, used for supraventricular arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats, hypertension

Front 40

diphenhydramine

Back 40

H1 blockers, used to treat allergies, motion sickness and as sedative

Front 41

actions of histamine

Back 41

contraction of smooth muscle, gastric acid secretion, vasodilation, increased vasuclar permeability, cardiac stimulation, itching, CNS effects.

Front 42

ranitidine, famotidine

Back 42

H2 blockers, used to decrease gastric acid secretion

Front 43

theophylline

Back 43

adenosine receptor antagonist, bronchodilator, prevents cAMP breakdown.

Front 44

cisapride

Back 44

serotonin 5HT4 receptor agonist, prokinetic in the GIT

Front 45

metoclopramide

Back 45

5HT4 receptor agonist used as prokinetic and anti-emetic, also blocks DA and muscarinic receptors.

Front 46

buspirone

Back 46

5HT1A receptor partial agonist, used as anxiolytic in cats. urine spraying. aggression in dogs.

Front 47

fluoxetine

Back 47

prozac, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, used to treat OCD behavior in dogs.

Front 48

dinoprost

Back 48

PGF2alpha agonists, has numerous reproductive used that involve luteolysis and/or uterine contractions

Front 49

misoprostol

Back 49

PGE1 analog, prevents GI ulcers by inhibiting gastric acid secretion

Front 50

latanoprost

Back 50

pgf2alpha analog, activates the uveoscleral drainage route that is used to treat glaucoma.

Front 51

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Back 51

used to treat glaucoma because the reduce fluid formation by the ciliary epithelium

Front 52

mannitol/glycerin

Back 52

systemic osmolites that draw fluid out of eye and decrease intraocular pressure. used acutely and once.

Front 53

cyclosporine

Back 53

immunosuppressive drug used to treat KCS in dogs. interferes with activation of lymphocytes. has lacrimostimulant action

Front 54

antibiotics (neomycin/polymixin/bacitracin)

Back 54

treat infection, good for dog with uncomplicated corneal ulcer

Front 55

steroids (dex)

Back 55

anti-inflammatory but not for used with corneal ulcers.