Pharm 705 Exam 2 (1,1,1)

Front 1

Inflamation has three purposes

Back 1

1. neutralize and destroy invading and harmful antigens
2. to limit the spread of harmful agents
3. to prepare damage tissue for repair

Front 2

Inflamation increases capillary permeability so

Back 2

Phagocytic cells, complement and antibodies can leave the blood stream and enter tissue were neede.

Front 3

Acute inflammation

Back 3

Short duration, lasting less than 2wks, and involves a discrete set of events.

Front 4

Cronic inflammation

Back 4

More diffuse
Extended over longer periodes
May result in the formation of scar tissue and deformity

Front 5

Inflammatory process

Back 5

Increased vascular permeability
Recruitment and emigration of leukocytes
Phagocytosis of antigens and debris

Front 6

Chemokines

Back 6

Interact with neutrophils (macrophages) to increase binging affinity of integrin receptors on leukocytes.

Front 7

Selectins

Back 7

Endothelial cells express binding molecules on the cell surface
Leukocytes have selectins, can bind to endothelial adhesion proteins.
-causes leu to stick and roll

Front 8

Intigrins facilitate

Back 8

Firm attachment and diapedesis thru capillary wall, this allows neutrophils to bind to endothial cells and EC matrix and then pull themselves into tissue.

Front 9

Systemic effect of inflammation
Three macrophages derived cytokins

Back 9

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

Front 10

TNF-alpha and IL-1

Back 10

Raises temp, induces sleep, and suppress appetite

Front 11

Cytokines conservation heat

Back 11

Thru vasoconstriction and shivering

Front 12

IL-1

Back 12

Stimulating release of neutrophils from bone marrow storage sites, thus productinf neutrophilia

Front 13

Cytokines enhance protein catabolism

Back 13

Act on skeletal muscle
An available pool of aa for efficient antibody production by plasma cells.

Front 14

Acute phase proteins
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

Back 14

induce liver to release proteins
Include complement components, clotting factors and protease inhibitors.
Increase in fibrinogen

Front 15

C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A

Back 15

In controlling inflammation to prevent excess tissue damage

Front 16

Fibrinogen










.

Back 16

Coats surface of red blood cells and reduces their charge so that the surface of red blood cells and reduces their charge so they aggregate more readily.

Front 17

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Back 17

Measure levels of inflamtion
Increase ESR increase inflamtion

Front 18

CRP activity

Back 18

Nospecific indicator of inflamtion

Front 19

T helper

Back 19

can recognize and bind antigen in association w/ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules
T-cell receptor (TCR) on the helper T cell binds to the antigen, and the CD4 protein recognizes the MHC class II protein
Binding is specific b/c the TCR must match the antigen fragment precisely.
CD3 and gamma proteins assocaitae w/ the TCR and activated to initiate intracellular enzyme cascade
T-helper cell recognizes antigen in the MHC II class
CD4 proteins is needed to enable T-helper cell to bind the MHC II protein
TCR recognizes specific antigen
TCR binds to antigen signals a cascade in the T –helper cell
TCR is linked to this signaling cascade through a protein called CD3

Front 20

CD4

Back 20

Activation of kinase enzymes in the cytoplasm that mediate production of two 2nd messangers
Isositol triphosphate
Diacylglycerol

Front 21

Isositol triphosphate

Back 21

Increase intracellular Ca+
Ca+ acts as second messenger to change cell behavior

Front 22

Protein Kinase

Back 22

Turns on cytokines
IL-2, IFN-alpha, others), IL-2 receptors and other proteins

Front 23

Il-2 activates

Back 23

Helper and cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages
Secreted by TH1 cells

Front 24

IFN-Alpha activates

Back 24

Macrophages
Secreted by TH1 cells

Front 25

TH2 stilmulate B cells

Back 25

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-3

Front 26

Bcells
serve as

Back 26

an antigen presenting cell
T-cells help B cells through direct cell-cell contact by receptor proteins

Front 27

Antigen recognition by B-cell

Back 27

Bone marrow B-cells express BCR on there surface
They have two distict gene
-variable region-antigen-binding sites
-Constant region-same for all antibodies
Rearrangement
Recombination
Selective splicing variable-region genes
Allows for greater diversity of BCR binding specificities

Front 28

Activevation of B-cells

Back 28

B-cells must engulf some antigen, process it, present it to T-helper
-inactivate cell-cell contact b/w B-cell and T-helper cells
contact b/w B-cell and T-helper cells
Cell to cell binding interactes and stimulates intracellular signaling pathway in the B cell (and T-helper) that promote clonal expansion and differentiation.
They require certain cytokines to proliferate and begin antibody syn.

Front 29

T-cell and B-cell and MHC-II-TCR interactions

Back 29

Include B7-cd28 and CD40L-CD40

Front 30

Primary response

Back 30

B cells are dependent on T-cell help during initial exposure to antigens

Front 31

Primary response

Back 31

B cells are dependent on T-cell help during initial exposure to antigens

Front 32

BCR bind to noprotein antigens

Back 32

Bacterial sugars and lipids
Bcell response is independent

Front 33

Signaling
Complement fragment C3d on the antigen

Back 33

Costimulation to achieve B-cell response and antibody production

Front 34

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 34

They recognize antigen displayed in associations w. MHC class I protein
CD8 protein is necessary to bind MHCI
TCR recognizes the presented antigen
Binding of TCR triggers reponses in cytotoxic T cells
Signal transduction thru CD3
Costimulation
By IL-2 ctokines
IL-2 is primary secreated by activated TH1

Front 35

Costimulants

Back 35

Cytotoxic cell proliferate into memory cells as well as effector

Front 36

Effector cells

Back 36

Porforins thru CD95

Front 37

Porfins

Back 37

Proteins manufactured in cytotoxic T cell and stored in granules (vesicles w/in the cytoplasm.

Front 38

Granzymes

Back 38

Degrade DNA and trigger target cell death

Front 39

CD95 protein on Cytotoic cell is called CD95L or FAS ligand.

Back 39

It binds to complemntary CD95 protein (FAS) found on surface of the targeted cell
BAD cell express CD95
CD95L to CD95 trigger programmed cell death

Front 40

Active immunity

Back 40

Protects body thru active infection or immunization

Front 41

Second response

Back 41

Antiboby is greater and more rapid
Immune system must be exposed to the antigen long enough and sufficient fose to stimulate and immune response

Front 42

Primary response

Back 42

Take much loner to develop and falls of rapidly

Front 43

Neurophiles, macrophages and NK cells receptors bind

Back 43

Complement opsonin and molecules expressed on microbes
Lipopolysacharide and mannose

Front 44

NK cell release cytokins on target

Back 44

Mac, neu, phagocytose digest their targets

Front 45

Phenotype

Back 45

The physical and biochemical attributes of an individual that are outwardly apparent

Front 46

Genotype

Back 46

Phenotype are a result of the expression of the individuals unique genetic makeup

Front 47

Chromatides

Back 47

The x-shaped chromosome is really made up of two identical linear chromosomes units

Front 48

Centromere

Back 48

The point at the middle of the X at which the two sister chromatids are joined together

Front 49

Diploid

Back 49

Human chromosomes
They occur in pairs
One member pairs come from mother and the other member pair come from the father

Front 50

Homologous

Back 50

Members of the pair appear to be identical although they are different in DNA sequence.

Front 51

Autosomes

Back 51

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are homologous

Front 52

Sex chromosomes

Back 52

Differ in male and female
The female receives an X chromosome from each parent (homologous), where the other receive and X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from the father (hemizygous). Thus, the genotype is a result of the union of 23 maternal and 23 paternal chromosomes at conception.

Front 53

Meiosis

Back 53

Refers to this special form of cell division, which results in germ cells that are haploid

Front 54

Haploid

Back 54

They have half of the normal number of chromosomes

Front 55

Alleles

Back 55

The gene code for a particular trait, such as eye color, are located at a particular position (locus) on the chromosome and comes together and forms

Front 56

Homozygous

Back 56

If both alleles for a trait are identical

Front 57

Heterozygous

Back 57

Two different alleles are present

Front 58

Aneoploidy

Back 58

22 pairs of the autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (euploid). It resfers to an abnormal number of chromosomes- in humans, either more of less than 46.

Front 59

Cause of aneoploidy

Back 59

Nondisjunction and anaphase lag

Front 60

Nondisjunction

Back 60

That the pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during either the first of second meotic division. The resulting germ cells than have an abnomal number of chromosomes: one will have 22 chromosomes and one will have 24.
-deficient by one chromosome (45) or have an extra chromosome (47)

Front 61

Anaphase lag

Back 61

One daughter cell with the normal number of chromosomes and one with a deficiency of one chromosome called monosomy

Front 62

Polysomy

Back 62

Having two many chromosomes

Front 63

Down syndrome

Back 63

Autosomal disorder
Having an extra 21st chromosome

Front 64

Rare form of down syndrome

Back 64

Chromosomal translocation of the long are of the chromosome 21 to another chromosome.

Front 65

Effects of down syndrome

Back 65

Mental retardation
Epicanthal folds
Poor muscle tone
Short stature
Congenital heart deformities
Respiratory infections
leukemia

Front 66

Klinefelter syndrome

Back 66

Sex chromosome
Extra X chromosome (an XXY genotype)
The extra X chromosome determines the sex of these individuals to be male, however results in abnormal sextual development and ferminization

Front 67

Effects of klinfelter syndrome

Back 67

Testicular atrophy
Infertility
Tall stature
Long arms and legs
Feminie hair
Gynecomastia
High pitched voice
Impaired intelligence

Front 68

Turner syndrome

Back 68

Monosomy X
Presence of only one normal X chromosome and no Y chromosome
Results in female phenotype
Ovaries fail to develop (sterile)
Missing or damage X chrom is the paternal origin and maybe result to advanced age of father.

Front 69

Effects of turner’s syndrome

Back 69

Short stature
Webbing of the neck
Fibrous ovaries
Amenorrhea
Wide chest
Congenital heart defects

Autosomal dominant disorder
Mutation of a dominant gene located on one of the autosomes
It is involved in structural proteins or regulatory proteins such as membrane receptors.

Front 70

Marfans

Back 70

Autosomal
Disorder of connective tissue
Also called arachnodactyly
Trace mutation in the fidrillin 1 gene chromosome 15. Fibrillin 1 is a glycoprotein secreated by fibroblasrs in the EC matrix
Provides important scaffolding ie elastin
Proteolytic degradation than normal fibrillin

Front 71

Huntington disease

Back 71

Autosomal
Affect neurological function
Localized to chromosome 4, where an abnormally large number of triplet repeat (CAG)
More than 39 are reliably associated with the development of the disease.

Front 72

Huntington disease

Symptoms

Back 72

Mental deterioration and involuntary movement

Front 73

Autosomal recessive disorders

Back 73

Mutation of a recessive gene located on one of the autosomes.
Only expressed when both alleles for a particular gene are mutant (homozygous), they are often associated w/ consaguinty- the matting of relative individuals.
Involve abnormal enzymatic function

Front 74

Albinism

Back 74

Lack of pigment
Lack of enzyme tyrosinase, which catalyzes the formation of dopa from tyrosine.
Dopa is the presusor of the pigment melanin

Front 75

Phenylketonuria

Back 75

Inability to metabolize the aa phenylalanine due to lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Buildup of phenylalanine causes nervous damage
Urine in form of phenylketones “sweet urine”
Low phenylalnine diet

Front 76

Cystic fibrosis

Back 76

Single gene disorder
Defect in the membrane transporter Cl ion in epithelial cells.
Adnormal secreation in glandular tissue
Chromosome 7
Detection of 3 necleotide that are normally code for phenylalanine at position 508
Absence of protein causes fod abnormally, preventing release from ER. And causes degradation.

Front 77

Cystic fibrosis transmembrnae conductance regulator protein (CFTR)

Back 77

ABC transporter that binds to ATP hydrolyse

Front 78

Sex-linked (x-disorder)

Back 78

Mutation in the sex chromosome
Nearly all X-linked disorders are recessive
Almost always male

Front 79

Hemophilia

Back 79

A is a bleeding disorder associated w/ deficiency of factor VIII, a protein necessary for blood clotting.
Royal disease

Front 80

Genomic imprinting

Back 80

Parental origin of a gene does not matter to the cell that inherits them.
Parental and maternal chrom are marked differntaly w/in the cell.

Front 81

Two syndromes
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome

Back 81

(results from the same chromosomal defect)
-deletion at the same location on chrom 15.

Front 82

Prader-Willi effects

Back 82

-Parentally derived
Retardation
Short stature
Obesity
Poor muscle tone
Hypogonadism

Front 83

Angel effects

Back 83

-maternally derived
Metal retarded, but they have ataxia and tend to laugh inappropriately

Front 84

Parental diagnosis and counseling

Back 84

1. Maternal age of 35 yrs or greater
2. having borne a child w/ chrom disorder (trisomy 21)
3. know family history of X-linked disorder
4. know family history of inborn errors of metabolism
5. occurrence of neutral tube abnormalities in the previous pregnancy
6. known carrier of recessive genetic disorder

Front 85

Ultrasound

Back 85

Noninvasive procedure that uses sound waves to produce a reflected image of the fetus.

Front 86

Ultra sound determines

Back 86

Gestational age
Fetal position
Placenta location
Spina bifida
Heart defects
Malformations face, head, body and limb

Front 87

Amniocentesis

Back 87

Determines genetic and development disorders
Alpha- fetoproteins- may indicate neural tube defects

Front 88

Chorinoic villus sampling

Back 88

Removing bit of tissue from chorion

Front 89

Embryoscopy

Back 89

Visualizes of the embryo as early as the first trimester of pregnancy.
Diagnoses structural anomalies