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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 ways bacteria are classified?
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Morphology
Stain (Gram Neg or Gram Positive) O2 requirements |
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What 2 things include the propagation of microorganisms on or in various media and indicates if a microorganism is susceptible to inhibition or destruction by a microbial agent?
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Culture, sensitivity
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How are antibiotics classified?
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bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic
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Bacteriocidal
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antibiotic that destroys bacteria
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Bacteriostatic
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antibiotic that inhibits or retards the growth of bacteria
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Broad spectrum antibiotic
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Wide range of activity against gram neg and pos organisms
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Narrow Spectum antibiotic
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a limited range of activity against gram neg and gram pos organisms
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6 Major classifications of bacteriocidal antibiotics
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penicillins
cephalosporins vancomycin aminoglycosides fluoroquinilones misc (Flagyl) |
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5 major classifications of bacteriostatic antibiotics
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macrolides
lincomycins tetracyclines chloromycetin sulfonomides |
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Ability of a bacteria to survive and cause continious infection in the presence of antibiotics
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drug resistance
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What causes drug resistance to occur?
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antibiotic overuse
noncompliance with directions/dosage |
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What is a super infection?
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new or secondary infection caused by an organism different from the one that caused the initial infection - ususally resistant to the treatment for the original infection
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Empiric Therapy
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use of antibiotics to treat infection before the specific cause has been identified by lab
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Prophylactic Therapy
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measures designed to protect a person from an attack of a disease to which he has been/will be exposed
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Cross Sensitivity
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occurs b/w two or more classifications of drugs - indicates that when a person is allergic to one classification, they have an increased chance of being allergic to a similar classification of drug.
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B/w what drug classifications does cross sensitivity usually occur?
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penicillins and cephalosporins
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What is the most life threatening adverse reaction for penicillin?
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allergic reaction resulting in anaphylactic shock
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Ototoxicity
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toxic to the auditory nerve - tinnitus
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Nephrotoxicity
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toxic to the kidneys = abnormal kidney function test
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Hepatotoxicity
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toxic to the liver - elevated liver enzymes
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Bone Marrow Supression
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toxic to bone marrow - anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
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What are the two well know adverse reactions to Aminoglycosides?
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ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity - therefore only used in life threatening situations.
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What are sulfonomides used to treat?
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UTI's
Nocardosis (lung abcess) Burns (topical cream) |
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Crystalluria
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Kidney stones
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What type of antibiotic has a major side effect of crystalluria?
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sulfonomide
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What is a major side effect of rifampin?
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reddish orange urine, feces, saliva, sweat and tears
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What should you see in positive Tb treatment?
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improved chest x-rays
neg. sputum cultures improved S & S including decreased fever and increased energy |
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What are the impt things about Tb treatment?
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Complete entire course of treatment within 6 mo. - 1 year.
If you miss a dose, start over no alcohol! Disulfiram or Antabuse reaction |
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Chelate
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bind with metallic ions
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Why should patients not take tetracycline with dairy products?
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Because it chelates - take 1 hour before meals
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What drug should not be administered to children under 8 b/c it deposits in forming teeth?
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Tetracycline
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What do anti-helminthic meds treat?
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worm infestations
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What do anti-protozoal meds treat?
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toxoplasmosis, amoebiasis
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What is malaria caused by and what is the vector?
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Plasmodium parasite, mosquitos
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What are some of the side effects of anti-malarial medications?
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alopecia and visual disturbances
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What 2 types of drug classifications describe Flagyl?
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Antibacterial, antiprotozoal
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What can Flagyl be used to treat?
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Amoebiasis
trichomoniasis bone infections brain abcesses CNS infections bacteroa endocardititis UTI's |
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What are the warnings for Flagyl?
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no alcohol b/c of disulfiram or antabuse reaction
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What type of drug is Vermox?
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Anti-helminthic
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What are the side effects of Vermox?
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diarrhea, GI distress
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What drug can be administered parentally and used to treat fungal infections?
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Amphoericin B
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Chemical agents applied to living tissue. Primarily bacteriostatic. Improves healing
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Antiseptics
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chemical agents applied only non-living objects. They are toxic to living tissue and mainly bacteriocidal.
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Disinfectants
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Infections in normally healthy individuals and are ususally responsive to treatment.
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Commonly Aquired infection
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Infections acquired in a hospital at least 72 hours after admissions.
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Nosocomial infection
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Most common nosocomial infection
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UTI
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HIV is spread by:
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blood to blood contact
sexual contact perinatal contact |
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HIV Tests
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ELISA and Western Blot (confirmatory)
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An official diagnosis of AIDS is made when this cell goes below what level?
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t-helper, 200 cells per milliliter
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Immunosupressants do what?
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supress immune system in organ transplants
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Immunomodulators do what?
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Boost the immune system in immunocompromised patients and patients receiving chemotherapy
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Capillary leak syndrome is associated with the use of what immunomodulator?
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Interleukins
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Another word for chemotherapy drugs
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anti neoplastics
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What do colony stimulating factors do for a chemotherapy patient?
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decrease bone marrow recovery time after bm transplantation
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Colonization
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growth of microbes, esp. bacteria, in different parts of the body. Can be normal flora or pathogenic
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Septecemia
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presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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mother to fetus
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naturally acquired active immunity
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getting the disease
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Artificially acquired passive immunity
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injection of gamma globulins
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Artificial acquired active immunity
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vaccines. toxoids
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carcinoma
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Malignant neoplasm that develops from epithelial tissue
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sarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm that develops from connective tissue
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Lymphoma
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Malignant neoplasm that develops from the lymphoid tissue
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Gompertzian Growth Kinetics
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refers to the growth of tumors. Tumor grows rapidly in early stages, but as it enlarges it outgrows its blood supply and the growth pattern reaches a plateau and then decreases
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Doubling time
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time it takes a tumor to double in time.
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When is chemo most effective?
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against small tumors with efficient blood supply
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removal of large tumors reduce the --- and contributes to the sucess of chemo
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tumor cell burden
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What are the 3 rules for selecting drugs for combo chemotherapy?
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each drug should be active for the specific cancer being treated.
each drug should have a different site of action in the cell cycle each drug should have different organ toxicity |
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Common side effects of chemo:
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nausea
vomiting anorexia diarrhea alopecia stomatisis - inflammation of the mucous membranes |
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Common adverse effects of chemo leading to life threatening infections include:
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leukopenia - low WBC's
thrombocytopenia - low platelets anemia - low RBC's extravasation - cancer cells leaving the capillaries and entering the organs |
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The dose limiting effects of chemo include:(adverse reactions that should indicate the max permissable dose has been delivered and the drug s/b discontinued)
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bone marrow suppression
hepatotoxicity hemorrahgic cystitis nephrotoxicity ototoxicity peripheral neuropathy cardiatoxicity |
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Cell cycle non-specific agents (CCNS) are cytoxic during any phase of the cell cycle. They include:
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alkylating agents
cytoxic antibodies (most effective against large, slow growing tumors) |
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Cell cycle specific agents (CCS) are cytoxic during a specific phase of the cell cycle. They include:
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antimetabolites
miotic inhibitors topoismerase inhibitors misc (most effective against rapidly growing tumors) |
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What binds with estrogen and androgen receptor sites in certain kinds of malignant tumors that are stimulated by male and female hormones?
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Hormone Blockers
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Risk factors for developing cancer
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age
gender ethnicity sunlight exposure alcohol diet stress occupation, environment lifestyle mult. sex partners reproductive history obesity tobacco use |
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S and S of cancer
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unexplained lump or thickening
change in bowel habits persistant cough CNS alterations unexplained weight loss fatigue- undetermined hoarseness blood in feces pain - undetermined shortness of breath |
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factors associated with the etiology (cause) of cancer
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age
sex genetics oncogenic viruses |
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Benign neoplasms (tumors) are:
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encapsulated
do not metasticize similar to original tissue slow growing rarely come back after removal |
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Malignant tumors are:
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non-encapsulated
metasticize not similar to tissue of origin unpredictable growth commonly come back with surgical removal |
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Epidemiology
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study of distribution and patterns of disease in populations
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Pathogen
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microorganism capable of causing disease
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Reservior
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environment where infectios agent can survive ie: people, fomites, vectors
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Portal of Exit
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path in which agent leaves the reservior
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portal of entry
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location by which the agent enters the body
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Opportunistic infections occur when?
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When immunity is compromised and normal flora becomes pathogenic
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virulence
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the ease in which a pathogen can overcome host defenses
components include invasiveness, adherence and toxicity |
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What antibiotic classification is used to treat nocardosis (lung abcesses)?
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Sulfonomides
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What antibiotic classification is used to treat burns?
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sulfonomides
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what are the side effects of rifampin?
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red-orange discoloration of urine, feces, saliva, sputum, sweat and tears (used to treat Tb)
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What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
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nausea, vomiting, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity (only used on life threatening infections)
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What is Vermox used to treat?
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whipworm, pinworm, roundworm, hookworm
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What is Hanson's disease?
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Leprosy
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Medical Asepsis
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absence of pathogenic organisms
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Surgical asepsis
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absence of all microorganisms
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Cytoxic T-cells
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directly cause cell lysis
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helper t-cells
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master controllers of the immune system (secrete cytokines)
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supressor t-cells
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limit the immune system (regulatory) especially anti-tumor activity
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b-cells (lymphocytes)
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produce antibodies
IgG,m,a,d,e |
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toxoid
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toxins produced by the organisms that stimulate production of antibodies
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principles of chemotherapy:
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chemo is most effective against small tumors with efficient blood supply,
removal of large localized tumor reduces the tumor cell burden and contirbutes to the sucess of the chemo combo chemo agents have a higher cancer cell kill rate than a single agent |
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AAPMC
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Antibiotic Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis - Antibiotic therapy that destroys normal flora in the gut. Ususally is caused by Clostridium
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