Pharm 2- Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

Define: hormone

Back 1

Substances made by ductless endocrine glands that enter the bloodstream and produce some effect on a target organ

Front 2

How are hormones regulated

Back 2

Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland

Front 3

What are the common hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

Back 3

TSH

ACTH

FSH

LH

GH

Front 4

Common hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

Back 4

Oxytocin and ADH

Front 5

Diseases of metabolic rate

Back 5

Too fast

Too slow

Front 6

Two types of thyroid disease

Back 6

Hyperthyroid

Hypothyroid

Front 7

Define: thyroid gland hormones

Back 7

Secretes hormones that control metabolic rate

Front 8

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete

Back 8

T4 or thyroxine

Front 9

What does thyroxine do

Back 9

Causes breakdown or metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats

Front 10

What dietary supplement is essential for thyroxine production

Back 10

Iodine

Front 11

Of the two metabolic diseases which is more common in cats vs dogs

Back 11

Hyperthyroidism= cats

Hypothyroidism= dogs

Front 12

How to diagnose hyperthyroidism

Back 12

Blood test of t4 and t3 levels

Front 13

How would you diagnose hypothyroidism

Back 13

Blood test for t4 and t3

TSH or TRH stimulation test

Front 14

Treatment for hyperthyroidism

Back 14

Methimazole

Surgical removal of gland

Radioactive iodine

Front 15

Treatment for hypothyroidism

Back 15

Levothyroxine sodium

Front 16

2 pancreatic hormones

Back 16

Insulin and glucagon

Front 17

Define: insulin

Back 17

Acts if high blood glucose is present assists with uptake and use of glucose by cells

Front 18

What is the key role of insulin

Back 18

Decrease blood glucose

Front 19

Define: glucagon

Back 19

Acts if low blood sugar is present

Promotes breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose

Front 20

Key role of glucagon

Back 20

Increase blood glucose

Front 21

Define: hyperglycemia

Back 21

Blood glucose too high

Front 22

Signs of hyperglycemia

Back 22

Pu/pd, weight loss, lethargy

Front 23

Define: hypoglycemia

Back 23

Blood glucose too low

Front 24

Signs of hypoglycemia

Back 24

Lethargy, weakness, ataxia, seizures

Front 25

What causes hyperglycemia

Back 25

Lack of pancreatic insulin or cells can't respond to insulin, stress, drugs (alpha 2 agonists)

Front 26

What causes hypoglycemia

Back 26

Pancreatic tumor, starvation, insulin overdose

Front 27

How are glucose levels measured

Back 27

In the blood and urine

Front 28

What is diabetic neuropathy (seen in cats)

Back 28

Chronic cases- weakness, muscle atrophy, plantigrade posture

Front 29

Where in the pancreas is insulin secreted

Back 29

Islets of langerhans

Front 30

Damage to the langerhans cells results in

Back 30

Hyperglycemia= diabetes mellitus

Front 31

Define: diabetes mellitus

Back 31

A disease of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism caused by lack of or inefficient use of insulin

Front 32

What causes diabetes mellitus

Back 32

Unknown

Front 33

What are the types of diabetes

Back 33

Type 1 and type 2

Front 34

Define: type 1 diabetes

Back 34

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Front 35

Define: type 2 diabetes

Back 35

Decreased number of insulin receptors on tissue cells

Front 36

How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes treated

Back 36

Type 1- injectable insulin

Type 2- cells don't respond as they should

Front 37

Treatment for diabetes

Back 37

Insulin replacement and diet change

Front 38

2 Injectable insulin sources

Back 38

Animal source

Synthetic source

Front 39

3 types of insulin based on duration of action

Back 39

Short acting

Intermediate acting

Long lasting

Front 40

Define: short acting insulin

Back 40

Emergency use (IV or IM)

lasts 2-3 hrs

Used in diabetic ketoacidosis

Front 41

Define: intermediate acting insulin

Back 41

Most common (SQ)

Lasts 24 hrs

Use in uncomplicated cases

Front 42

Define: long acting insulin

Back 42

Given SQ

Lasts 36 hrs

Front 43

Examples of short acting insulin

Back 43

Regular and semilente

Front 44

Examples of intermediate acting insulin

Back 44

NPH and lente

Front 45

Examples on long acting insulin

Back 45

PZI and ultralente

Front 46

Most common insulin concentration

Back 46

40 units/ml (U-40)

Front 47

Why can't insulin be given orally

Back 47

Insulin is a protein that will break down when digested in the stomach because of the high acidity

Front 48

Oral insulin- glipizide

Back 48

Used to treat 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetes

Stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete insulin

Front 49

Signs of insulin overdose

Back 49

Weakness, ataxia, shaking, seizures, coma, and death

Front 50

Hypoglycemia treatment

Back 50

Give sugar- orally or IV depending on the immediate need

In hospital- 5% dextrose IV, 50% dextrose orally

At home- karo syrup or molasses

Front 51

Cause of diabetic ketoacidosis

Back 51

Insulin resistance or need for insulin exceeds injected dose

Front 52

How does ketoacidosis work

Back 52

Lipolysis of fat stores in adipose tissue in liver causes free fatty acids to form

FFAs are needed to make ketones

Ketones increase diuresis- cellular dehydration

Front 53

Signs of ketoacidosis

Back 53

Pu/pd, polyphagia, weight loss, dehydration, weakness, tachypnea, vomiting, acetone breath

Front 54

Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis

Back 54

Regular insulin

Fluid therapy

Potassium, glucose, phosphorous and or bicarbonate supplementation IV

Front 55

Where does ADH act in the body

Back 55

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to reabsorb water- concentrates the urine

Front 56

What are the 2 types of diabetes insipidus

Back 56

Central- insufficient production or secretion of ADH

nephrogenic- renal tubules lose ability to respond to ADH

Front 57

Signs of diabetes insipidus

Back 57

Pu/pd, hyposthenuric urine

Front 58

Causes of diabetes insipidus

Back 58

Central- idiopathic

Nephrogenic- acquired due to other disease

Front 59

Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus

Back 59

Modified water deprivation test

Response to vasipressin supplement

Rule out other causes of pu/pd

Front 60

Hormones produced by adrenal glands

Back 60

Adrenal cortex- steroids like mineralcorticioids, glucocorticoids, androgens

Adrenal medulla- catecholamines like epinephrine

Front 61

Example adrenal cortex hormones in the steroids category

Back 61

Mineralcorticioids- aldosterone

Glucocorticoids- cortisol

Front 62

disease of the adrenal cortex

Back 62

Hypoadrenocorticisim- addisons disease

Hyperadrenocorticism- cushings disease

Front 63

Signs of hypoadrencorticism

Back 63

Vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, bradycardia, hypovolemia

Front 64

Causes of hyperadrenocorticism

Back 64

Pituitary tumor

Adrenal tumor

Iatrogenic by prolonged administration of steroids

Front 65

Diagnosis of hyper and hypoadrenocorticisim

Back 65

Hyper- low dose dex test, ACTH stim test, urine cortisol test

Hypo- history, signs, ACTH stim test

Front 66

Treatment for hyperadrenocorticism

Back 66

Selegiline, ketoconazole

Front 67

Treatment of hypoadrencorticism

Back 67

Mineralcorticioids are replaced by desoxycorticosterone

Front 68

Define: FSH

Back 68

Stimulates follicular growth and estrus

Front 69

Define: LH

Back 69

Induces follicular ovulation

Front 70

Synethtic GnRH used for LH effect

Back 70

Gonadorelin- cows

Deslorelin- horses

Front 71

Gonadotropins that come from the placenta

Back 71

HCG, ECG, FSH-P

Front 72

Where does estrogen come from

Back 72

Ovarian follicles and placenta

Front 73

Estrogen is used for what

Back 73

Induces estrus in anestrual mares

Prevent pregnancy in mismating

Front 74

Side effects of estrogen

Back 74

Pyometra and aplastic anemia

Front 75

Where is progesterone secreted from

Back 75

Corpus lutem

Front 76

Progesterone is used for

Back 76

Maintaining pregnancy

Suppress or delay onset of estrus

Synchronize estrus

Front 77

Where are prostaglandins secreted from

Back 77

Uterus

Front 78

Prostaglandins are used for

Back 78

Terminate pregnancy/induce

Synchronize or induce estrus

Uterus effects

Front 79

Where is oxytocin secreted from

Back 79

Posterior pituitary

Front 80

Control receptors of the GI tract

Back 80

Parasympathetic

Sympathic

Stretch receptors

Chemicals

Front 81

Define: parasympathetic

Back 81

Increased motility and secretions

Front 82

Define: sympathetic

Back 82

Decrease motility and secretions

Front 83

3 zones that are involved in emesis

Back 83

Cerebral cortex, chemoreceptor trigger zone, oculo-vestibular system

Front 84

The 3 zones of emesis feed back to what

Back 84

Emetic center

Front 85

Causes of reflexive emesis

Back 85

Motion in inner ear

Odor and taste

Inflammation and irritation

Front 86

Which neurotransmitter causes emesis

Back 86

Acetylcholine

Front 87

Define: CTZ

Back 87

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Front 88

How does the CTZ work

Back 88

Chemical sensations in the blood or cerebral spinal fluid are noted when toxins or drugs are present

Front 89

What is the neurotransmitter for the CTZ

Back 89

Dopamine like serotonin and histamine

Front 90

Where does the CTZ lie within the body

Back 90

Outside of the blood brain barrier

Front 91

High levels of dopamine cause

Back 91

Emesis

Front 92

Once dopamine goes to the vomiting center then what happens

Back 92

Acetylcholine is released which causes vomiting

Front 93

Centrally acting emetics

Back 93

Apomorphine

Xylazine

Other alpha 2 agonists